Improvements and upgrades to the County's main sewage treatment plant – METRO .

1. The ACJ is designed to improve the water quality of Onondaga Lake and achieve full compliance with state and federal water quality regulations by December 1, 2012. The ACJ specifically includes a listing of more than 30 projects to be undertaken over a fifteen (15) year timeframe. The ACJ describes the intent of each project and sets time schedules for specific work related to each project to be completed (minor and major milestones). These milestones relate to such activities as completion of environmental review, start of construction and commencement of operation. The ACJ projects can be divided into three main categories:

2. Improvements and upgradesto the County's main sewage treatment plant – METRO.

4. Elimination and/or reduction of the impacts of the CSOs on the lake and its tributaries.

5. A lake and tributary monitoring program designed to evaluate the impacts of the improvement projects on the water quality of the lake and tributary streams.

6. Hydrogen SulfideH2Sis produced under anoxic conditions when bacteria break down plant and animal material, often in stagnant waters with low oxygen content such as bogs and swamps.

7. Indicators of Progress: Is the Lake Safe for Humans? Secchi Disk Readings or Turbidity measurements Nearshore transparency results are affected by wind, waves, precipitation, and algae. Average results can be highly variable from year to year; consequently, a long monitoring period is needed to detect trends in nearshore transparency. http://www.ongov.net/WEP/wepdf/we15d.pdf

8. Water clarity of the lake is variable both within and between years. A spring clear-water phase was evident from the mid-1990s through 2000. Water clarity from 2000 to 2005 was not as high as the 1990s but exceeded the measurements from the mid-1980s.

9. Is it safe for swimming? Fecal Coliform Bacteria Counts

10. Is it safe for fish?

12. County finds = 42 species in total Plus ESF finds = 63

13. Macrophytes (rooted aquatic plants and algae) have changed profoundly in recent years. The number of species present (termed species richness) has increased from 5 in 1991 to 17 in 2005, although the community is still dominated by a few species. Percent cover of macrophytes has increased about two-fold throughout the lake since 2000. The range of percent cover in the lake is now within an ideal range for largemouth bass reproduction.

14. Littoral macroinvertebrates were monitored in 2005. The combined influences of eutrophication and habitat degradation appear to be major structuring elements of the benthic community in Onondaga Lake. The macroinvertebrate community in Onondaga Lake's littoral zone ranged from moderately to severely impacted in 2005. Sites in the north end of the lake appeared to be less affected than south end sites. Only small changes to the macroinvertebrate community have occurred since the 2000 survey.

15. Onondaga Lake food web http://www.lake.onondaga.ny.us/ol33082.htm

16. http://www.ourlake.org/html/onllatestprofile.html

18. Symbols for diagramming Nitrogen Cycling in the Urban Environment From the work of Systems Ecologist Howard T. Odum

20. Patricians of the Great Lakes, lake whitefish were long prized for the delectable quality of their meat. In 1836, a scientist in the field wrote, "We can say from personal experience that a diet of whitefish alone, with no other food, can be eaten for days without losing its appeal."

21. Bluegills are quite common in warm-water shallow weedy ponds, lakes, and slow-moving streams. They seems to prefer the weedy shallows near shore. Diet: Bluegills feed primarily on small aquatic mollusks, worms and immature and adult insects. They also infrequently consume vegetation. Easy to catch, bluegills make a good pan fish. They are often the first fish that a young fisherman catches. http://www.womenanglers.us/BlueGill.html

23. Onondaga Lake Trophic Structure Or Who’s Eating Whom

24. Onondaga Lake food web http://www.lake.onondaga.ny.us/ol33082.htm

25. Trophic = ? of or relating to nutrition or nourishment Test Question: Is Onondaga Lake Oligotrophic? Mesotrophic? Eutrophic? Hypereutrophic?

26. Eutrophic: the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.

27. The trophic level of a creature is a  description of its position in a hypothetical  food web for the community it lives in.

28. Trophic Level Activity Type of Organisms 1 primary producers autotrophs 2 primary consumers herbivores 3 secondary consumers carnivores, parasitoids 4 tertiary consumers higher carnivores

29. Producers are often called autotrophs because they can produce their own food, or nutrients (fixed carbon) . They utilize an energy source, such as light or sulfate, to fix inorganic carbon into organic forms  that are available for consumption at higher trophic levels. In an aquatic ecosystem these are called phytoplankton and include such species as diatoms, which we call algae.

30. Consumers are divided up into several levels themselves.  Primary consumers feed directly on the primary producers.  Secondary consumers feed on the lower-level consumers and possibly the producers as well. • Consumers are also known as heterotrophs. They must take in organic carbon in order to synthesize ATP. • Consumers  include at a more finite level categories like herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores (feed on detritus).

31. So, how do we measure trophic structure?   If an ecosystem is to thrive, there have to be enough producers to sustain the consumers.  Otherwise, the consumers would starve.  How do we describe how much we have of the producers and consumers within an ecosystem?

33. Ecosystem Type Net Primary Productivity(grams meter -2 year-1 ) Swamps and Marshes 2500 Coral Reefs 2000 Tropical Rain Forests 1800 Estuaries 1800 Deciduous Temperate Forests 1250 Boreal Forests 800 Savannas 700 Temperate Grasslands 500 Tundras 140 Deserts 70

34. Production of energy : Biomass 0.042 Forests (due to dead biomass of wood xylem)0.29 Other terrestrial autotrophs17.0 Aquatic and marine autotrophs Aquatic systems have what we call a high turnover rate of production.

35. Habitat Net P (g m-2yr-1) Biomass (g m-2) Turnover Time (yr) Tropical Forest 2200 45000 20.5 Temperate Forest 1200 30000 25 Tundra 140 600 4 Cultivated Land 650 1000 1.5 Marsh 2000 15000 7.5 Desert 90 700 7.8 Open Ocean 125 3 0.02 Algal Beds/Reefs 2500 2000 0.8 Estuaries 1500 1000 0.66 Lakes / Streams 250 20 0.08

36. Primary productivity: amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (in the form of carbohydrates) by autotrophs (green plants and algae) per unit time (photosynthesis). • Gross Primary Productivity: total amount of energy producers make. • Net Primary Productivity: GPP minus the energy used by plants for respiration. • Secondary productivity both gross and net: productivity of organisms that consume biomass (consumers).

37. What abiotic and biotic factors are influencing primary productivity in Onondaga Lake? What abiotic and biotic factors are influencing secondary productivity in Onondaga Lake? Are there any limiting factors to primary or secondary production in Onondaga Lake? So what is the trophic structure and trophic state of Onondaga Lake now vs. 1800?

38. Based on its size according to Tango and Ringler how many species should this lake support? Why are there more than expected? What has happened to fish species richness and eveness in Onondaga Lake over time? Why? What is fall turnover? What is its effect on the fish community? What improvements to sewage effluent have been forced on Onondaga County by the Amended Consent Judgment. What is the expected impact of these on the lake’s trophic state?

39. So what?  Why should you care about energy level structures? We humans do amazing things.  But sometimes, we wipe out specific organisms from communities in the process.  We change ecosystems around so that they can no longer support edible white fish, but rather mercury-laden carp.  How do these structural changes affect ecosystem functioning?  Too much attention is given to issues of bio-diversity, but loss of trophic levels is what we should really be worried about. And how do these ecosystem structural and functional changes affect the people, the community, the economy that depended on those ecosystems?  By understanding the trophic and energy levels needed within a community, we can understand how to respond to changes in our world (that we have mainly caused ourselves).  Through this understanding we hopefully can protect organisms (including humans) and ecosystems better. 

40. Solvay Ammonia based process http://www.sodaash.com/about/0,5373,1000073-_EN,00.html