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Nematodes of Dogs & Cats

Nematodes of Dogs & Cats. Toxocara sp. Significance. the most important parasites infection at birth death: first two weeks (lung migration) larval migration. Morphology. male = 4-10 cm female = 5-18 cm. T. canis. cervical alae: - long & narrow - semilanceolate.

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Nematodes of Dogs & Cats

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  1. Nematodes of Dogs & Cats

  2. Toxocara sp.

  3. Significance • the most important parasites • infection at birth • death: first two weeks (lung migration) • larval migration

  4. Morphology male = 4-10 cm female = 5-18 cm

  5. T. canis cervical alae: - long & narrow - semilanceolate

  6. cervical alae: - broader - arrow head

  7. Life cycle • modes of transmission: T. canis • transplacenta • transcolostrum • direct ingestion • paratenic host

  8. Direct life cycle 10-15 d tracheal migration prepatent period 4-5 weeks age < 3 mths

  9. prepatent period 3-5 weeks (neonates) Indirect life cycle (age > 3 mths) 10-15 d somatic migration transplacenta transcolostrum paratenic hosts > 42 d gestation

  10. Life cycle • Toxocaracati: • direct ingestion • paratenic host • no prenatal transmission

  11. Effect on host • adult: no clinical signs • puppies: severely affected, pneumonia

  12. signs: vomiting, emaciation, potbelly, obstruction, dull coats death: 2-3 weeks after birth

  13. Diagnosis T. canis T. cati

  14. Infective stage Ascarid egg

  15. SEM differentiation large, coarse pitted surface small, fine pitted surface Uga et al., Vetrinary Parasitology 92(2000): 287-294

  16. Treatment ivermectin dichlorvos fenbendazole febantel pyrantel piperazine

  17. Saprophytic soil fungi • Paecilomyces sp. • Ovicidal activity of T. canis (Basualdo J.A., 2000)

  18. Use of ivermectin during pregnancy 1)dose: 300 mcg/kg on day 0, 30, and 60 of gestation - reduce # worms by 90% - reduce # eggs by 99.8%

  19. Use of ivermectin during pregnancy 2)dose: 300 mcg/kg on day 0, 30, 60 of gestation, 10 d post whelping - reduce # worms by 100% - no eggs were passed in environ. (Payne P.A., 1999)

  20. Selamectin • topical administration • dose: 6 mg/kg (6-12 mg/kg) • reduce # adults by 93.9-98.1% • reduce # eggs by 90-95% (McTier T.L., 2000)

  21. Control • good sanitation • regular deworming • anthelmintics: • 2, 4, 6 weeks of age

  22. Public Health • visceral larva migrans (T. canis): • children: chronic granulomatous • liver, lung, brain, eye • ocular larva migrans • choroidoretinitis

  23. Toxascaris leonina(arrowhead worm)

  24. head: lanceolate cervical alae male: up to 7 cm female: up to 10 cm

  25. Life cycle • transmission: • direct ingestion • paratenic host • no larval migration • prepatent period = 8-10 weeks

  26. Effect on host • puppy: potbelly, intermittent diarrhea, poor condition, intestinal obstruction

  27. Diagnosis T. canis T. leonina

  28. Treatment piperazine dichlorvos pyrantel fenbendazole febentel + praziquantel

  29. Ancylostoma caninum(Hookworm)

  30. Ancylostoma caninum • Geographic distribution • temperate climates • worldwide • Significance • very important • causes deaths (all ages) • causes heavy blood losses

  31. Morphology • worms: red or gray • size: up to 1.6 cm • mouth: 3 pairs of prominent teeth

  32. Life cycle modes of infection: 1. eating (infective eggs) 2. skin penetration (larvae) tracheal migration

  33. Life cycle modes of infection: • intrauterine infection • transcolostrum • paratenic host prepatent period = 15-18 days

  34. H O O K W O R M S A N C Y L O S T O M A

  35. Larval penetration คัน! moist eczema & ulceration

  36. effect on dog “pale mucous membrane”

  37. effect on dog “severe blood loss”

  38. effect on dog blood vessels rupture & hookworms feed on the released blood (0.25 ml/day)

  39. Ancylostoma caninum

  40. Clinical signs • factors: dose, age, immune status • dermatitis • puppy pneumonia • diarrhea: dark in color (blood & mucus)

  41. Clinical signs • severe blood loss: • iron-deficiency anemia • edema, weakness, weight loss • poor coat condition

  42. heavy infection: frequently fatal within 2 weeks of birth in puppies

  43. Diagnosis • clinical signs • fecal examination: • fresh direct smear • simple floatation 60 x 40 microns ovoid, thin-shelled, morulate embryo

  44. Treatment • supportive care: blood transfusions, iron supplement • anthelmintics: fenbendazole, ivermectin, tetrahydropyrimidine (pyrantel)

  45. Ivermectin + pyrantel • ivermectin = 6 mcg/kg • pyrantel pamoate = 5 mg/kg • 99.6 % reduction of adult hookworms (Nolan T.J. et. al, 1992)

  46. Doramectin • 1 mg/kg on d30 of gestation reduce somatic larvae in bitches and adult hookworms in bitches and puppies (Schnieder, T. et al, 1996)

  47. Moxidectin • 1 mg/kg on d55 of gestation (5-8 d before parturition): completely prevent lactogenic infections in puppies. (Epe, C., 1999)

  48. Deworming program • CDC recommendation: • bitch: fenbendazole in the 3rd trimester (kill migrating larvae) • pups: 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age

  49. Control • feces elimination • keep kennel-floor dry • regular deworming • treat bitch with ivermectin

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