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Transition of Russia: Economy & Culture

Explore Russia's shift from communism to a free market economy, its economic regions, environmental challenges, politics, ethnic diversity, daily life, literature, and music. Learn about the emergence of the independent republics in Central Asia and the Caucasus region.

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Transition of Russia: Economy & Culture

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  1. The New Russia & Independent Republics Chapter 9

  2. From Communism to Free Enterprise Chapter 9 Section 1

  3. Becoming a Free Market Economy • After the collapse of Communism, Russia moved toward a free market economy Free Market Economy: People, rather than government, decide what goods and services to produce, how to produce, & who will buy them

  4. I. Russia’s Economic Regions • Moscow • Political & cultural center • Shift from heavy to light industry (ex. Clothing, electronics) • Port Cities: **Most important Northwestern ports are Kaliningrad & St. Petersburg • Kaliningrad-only port that stays ice-free year-round • Siberia • Largest mineral supply in Russia • Hard to tap into resources because of harsh climate • Volga River/Urals • Volga carries almost ½ of Russia’s river traffic • Russia’s most productive farmland • Ural Mountains rich in minerals

  5. II. Environmental Issues • Although Russians are moving toward a free market economy, they must balance making profit with protecting the environment • Nuclear Power Plants are in decay; leads to nuclear waste • Air Pollution from factories led to lower life expectancy • Water Pollution from poor sewer system, chemical weapons plants (from Cold War) & other sources

  6. Russia’s People & Culture Chapter 9 Section 2

  7. I. Politics • Russia is a democracy • Democracy: people elect their leaders • Russia is a federal republic • Federal Republic: power divided between national & state government with president • Democracy is dramatically different from Communism: • Leaders must follow same laws as regular people • Leaders must accept criticism from people

  8. II. Ethnic Challenges • Majority Group: Russians, descendants of Slavs, are largest group • Minority Group: 100 ethnic groups *Majority group controls more wealth & power.

  9. Republics of the Caucasus

  10. Chechnya, has experienced fighting over the years because the Chechen people want to form their own country.

  11. III. Daily Life • Urban (city areas) are large & modern • Development of suburbs as people move outside city limits • 70% of population is Russian Orthodox • Other religions: Muslims, Roman Catholic, etc.

  12. The leader of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Patriarch.

  13. IV. Russian Literature & Music • Stories passed down orally: skazki • War & Peace by Leo Tolstoy describes Russia’s defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte & France • Peter Tchaikovsky composed The Nutcracker ballet & 1812 Overture which also describes Russia’s defeat of France

  14. The Hermitage Museum, built by Catherine the Great, holds art work from around the world.

  15. The Republics Emerge Chapter 9 Section 3

  16. I. Geography • Located south of Russia • Republics of Central Asia • East of Caspian Sea • Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan • Republics of the Caucasus • Located between Caspian Sea and Black Sea • Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia

  17. Republics of the Caucasus

  18. II. Republics of the Caucasus • Armenia • First country to make Christianity official religion (ca. 300 AD) • Capital, Yerevan, is one of world’s oldest (founded in 782 BC) • Armenia was controlled by many different nations, including the Ottoman Empire, who limited their freedoms & mistreated their people. During WWI, millions were deported by the OE, where historians estimate 600,000-1 million died of starvation. *This was the first genocide of the 20th century, though the Turks deny that it ever happened.

  19. Azerbaijan • Split in half by Armenia • Majority are Muslims, which has caused conflicts with Armenian Christians • Authoritarian government is corrupt

  20. Georgia • Known for resorts located along the Black Sea • Has had conflicts with Russia after gaining independence because Russia has recognized claims of independence (as of 2008) of two regions below

  21. Resorts in Georgia along coast of Black Sea

  22. Central Asian Republics

  23. III. Central Asian Republics • Central Asian Republics have become of interest to the rest of the world because of their vast natural resources • Known for limiting citizens’ basic freedoms & violations of human rights are common • All five countries are Muslim • Kazakhstan • Largest of the former Soviet republics • Large amounts of natural resources & most stable of all republics • Uzbekistan • Most live in fertile valleys & oases • World’s largest cotton producer (child labor used to harvest in many places) • Turkmenistan • World’s largest reserves of natural gas • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan

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