From Ocean to Ocean

1. From Ocean to Ocean Unit 5 Chapter 11 Lesson 3 Pages 444-451

2. Objectives • Explain how Texas became a state. • Describe how pioneers traveled west on the Oregon and Mormon trails. • Tell how the United States gained lands after the Mexican-American War. • Describe the California gold rush.

3. Content Focus • Mexico took control of Texas in 1821. In 1836, Texas leaders declared Texas an independent republic and fought against Mexico’s army.

4. Texas Independence • 1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain • Few people lived in Texas • Mexico offered land to encourage settlement in Texas

5. Americans in Texas • Many new settlers were Americans • Mexico becomes worried • 1830 – tries to stop American settlement • Also, raised taxes on the Americans already in Texas • Americans become angry

6. Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • Sent troops to TX to enforce laws • Santa Anna had made himself the dictator of TX • Dictator – leader who has complete control of the government

7. The Alamo • TX turn the Alamo, San Antonio de Valero mission, into a fort • Davy Crocket & Jim Bowie – Americans at the Alamo • Feb. 23, 1836 – Santa Anna attacked • Lasted 13 days • Mexicans won

10. Independence • Texas leaders declared TX an independent republic • Sam Houston – led the army Texas had formed

11. Never gave up • TX never gave up • Attacked Santa Anna at San Jacinto • TX surprised the Mexicans screaming “Remember the Alamo!” • Santa Anna captured • For his freedom, he declared TX independent

12. The Lone Star Republic • Sam Houston elected the nation’s first president • Called the Lone Star Republic because it had one star on it’s flag • Stayed independent until annexed by U.S. in 1845 • Annexed – added on

13. Trails West

14. The Oregon Trail • Marcus & Narcissa Whitman – 1st Americans to travel to Oregon Country • Missionaries • Narcissa wrote detailed letters of the beautiful valleys & rich soil • Letters were published • Created a desire for many to go west

15. Oregon Trail • Started in Independence, Missouri • Traveled in covered wagons • Long and shaped like boats • Nicknamed “Prairie schooners” • Wagon trains – groups • Trains left in spring – deadly to travel in winter

16. Oregon Trail • Hard life in west • Many people walked • Wagons filled with supplies • Night – wagons in circle = protection • Ford – cross • Danger when wagons had to ford rivers

18. Mormon Trail • 1840’s • Mormons not welcomed in many places • Brigham Young – Mormon leader • 1846 – led group west from Illinois to Great Salt Lake valley • Now Utah • This route is known as Mormon Trail

19. Mormon Trail • Established a city • Brigham Young became the territories first governor

21. Expanding Borders • 1840’s – Britain & U.S. claim Oregon territory • U.S. believed they had a right to the land • Manifest Destiny – idea that the United States was meant to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

22. New Conflict • Will war break out over the Oregon territory? • 1846 – signed a treaty setting nations northern border • Two years later – Oregon Territory created

23. California? • Americans want California too. • Mexico controlled • President James Polk – strong believer in Manifest Destiny • Offered to buy CA, AZ, and NM for $30 million • Mexico refused

24. President James K. Polk

25. Mexican-American War • Same time – dispute over Texas & Mexico border • U.S. claimed the border to be the Rio Grande • Mexico said it was the Nueces (nu AY says)River • 100 miles north of the Rio Grande

27. WAR • Pres. Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor • Mexico attacked • May 13, 1846 – U.S. declares war

28. WAR continues • 1847 – Americans capture Vera Cruz • Marched to Mexico city • Sept. 14, 1847 – War ends

30. New Borders • Feb. 1848 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war • Mexico gives up all claims to southern TX • Rio Grande recognized as border

31. In addition • Mexico sells large area known as the Mexican Cession • Cession- concession, something given up • All of present day CA, Nevada, Utah, parts of NM, AZ, CO, WY • U.S. paid $15 million (half of original offer) • 1853 – U.S. buys rest of NM, AZ • Gadsden Purchase

32. California Gold Rush

33. Gold • 1848 – gold discovered • Changed land forever

34. The Forty-Niners • 1848 • James Marshall – working on saw mill for John Sutter • Bank of South River • Jan. 24, small gold nugget found • More gold found and news spreads • GOLD FEVER!

35. GOLD RUSH • Gold Rush – sudden rush of people to an area where gold has been found • 1 year = 90,000 people rush to CA • Forty-Niners – name given to these people because many arrived late 1849 • Men, women, 1,000 African Americans (free & enslaved)

36. Where & How? • Came from all over U.S. • Trails • Sailing around southern tip of South America • Crossing Isthmus of Panama • Also from other parts of world: Mexico, South America, Europe, and Asia • 1 out of every 4 were Chinese

37. California Changed • Didn’t find gold  ranched and farmed • Businesses formed • 1849 – population 100,000 • 1850 California became the 31st state

38. What forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River? • Indian Removal Act

39. What trail began in Independence, Missouri? • Oregon Trail

40. What leader was the first governor of Tennessee? • John Sevier

41. In order to travel west, many American settlers had to ____ rivers to reach their destinations. • ford

42. Many Americans felt a sense of _____ after the nation had defeated the British in the War of 1812. • nationalism

43. Cherokee Indians had ____ to American way of life. • assimilated

44. After the Mexican-American War, many new lands were given to the U.S. in an act of ____ by Mexico. • cession

45. Why were trails so important to the growth of the United States? • Travel west was new to many Americans • Trails helped settlers travel more safely • Gave Americans confidence to follow others

46. What was the Indian Removal Act? • A law signed by Andrew Jackson forcing the Cherokee tribe and other tribes to leave their lands and move to Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma.

47. The End