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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. Female Sexual Anatomy. Female Sex Organs: What Are They for?. Reproductive function Attract partners Provide pleasure. Differentiation Of Sex Organs. Homologous Structures - Adult. External Structures: The Vulva. Mons pubis Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora.

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three Female Sexual Anatomy HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  2. Female Sex Organs: What Are They for? • Reproductive function • Attract partners • Provide pleasure HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  3. Differentiation Of Sex Organs HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  4. Homologous Structures - Adult HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  5. External Structures: The Vulva • Mons pubis • Clitoris • Labia majora • Labia minora HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  6. External Structures: The Vulva HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  7. Mons Pubis • Latin for pubic mound • The pad of fatty tissue • Pubic hair • Sensitive to stimulation HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  8. Clitoris: Glans Clitoris • Contains a high concentration of nerve endings • Covered by hood when not engorged • Erectile • Sensitive to stimulation • Structurally analogous to penis HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  9. Clitoris Anatomy HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  10. Clitoris • Erectile internal structure • Two 3.5” long branches called crura • Cruracontain two corpora cavernosa: hollow chambers that fill with blood and swell during arousal • Orgasmic • Enlarges initially, then retracts beneath hood just before and during orgasm • Follows same pattern with repeated orgasms, though swelling is less pronounced HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  11. Comparative Anatomy: Clitoris and Penis HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  12. Labia Majora • Two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis toward the perineum • May have hair present • Contain a significant concentration of nerve endings HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  13. Labia Minora • Small folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris to form the clitoral hood • Significant variation in appearance • Contain a significant concentration of nerve endings • Swell during sexual arousal • Enclose the vestibule HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  14. Vestibule, Labia Minora, Majora HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  15. Bartholin’s (Vestibular) and Skene’s Glands HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  16. Internal Structures • Vagina • Cervix • Uterus • Fallopian tubes • Ovaries HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  17. Internal Structures HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  18. Vagina • Two reproductive functions: • Encompasses penis during coitus (vaginal intercourse) • Birth canal • 3” to 5” inches in length • Introitus: the lower third of the vagina • The majority vaginal nerve endings • Hymen: thin membrane that partially covers introitus • Grafenberg Spot(G-spot) • An erotically sensitive area on front wall of the vagina mid-way between pubic bone and cervix • Female ejaculation HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  19. G-Spot HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  20. Hymen HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  21. Uterus • Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ • Accommodates developing fetus during pregnancy • Approximately 3” by 3” in women who have not given birth • Endometrium: inner lining • Menstruation: removal of the endometrium • Cervix: the tapered end of the uterus, extends and opens into the vagina HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  22. Uterine Anatomy HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  23. Ovaries • Gonads that produce gametes • Produce egg cells (oocytes; ova) for reproduction • Two ovaries; size and shape of large almonds • Ovaries release oocytes in a process called ovulation HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  24. The Ovary HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  25. FallopianTubes • Also known as uterine tubes • Extend toward ovary • Fimbriae: fingerlikeprojections that do not connect to the ovary • Pathway for ovum to reach the uterus HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  26. Other Structures • Urethra: tube through which urine passes • Urethral opening • Perineum: area between genitals and anus • Pelvic floor HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  27. Female Perineum and Musculature HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  28. Other Structures • Anus: opening of rectum • Contains two sphincters (circular muscles that open and close like valves) • Dense supply of nerve endings • The lining of the rectum is fragile • In anal sex play, care must be taken not to rupture the delicate tissues • Condom and Lubrication HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  29. Breasts • Reproductive function of female breasts is to nourish offspring through lactation • Composed of fatty tissue and 15-25 lobes that radiate around a central nipple • Areola: the ring of darkened skin around nipple • Nipples erect in response to stimulation, cold, or sexual arousal • Women differ in the breast stimulation they find pleasurable HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  30. The Female Breast HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  31. Female Sexual Physiology: Reproductive Hormones • Hormones: chemical substances that serve as messengers • Sources: Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary • Gonadotropin releasing hormones are from the hypothalamus and regulate the release of hormones from the pituitary HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  32. Pituitary Gonadotropins • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates the follicle to mature • Luteinizing hormone (LH): triggers the rupture of the follicle • Gonadotropins have an effect upon the gonads HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  33. Ovarian Hormones • Estrogens: stimulate maturation of reproductive organs, menstruation, and pregnancy • Progesterone: helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  34. Female Sexual Physiology: Reproductive Hormones Hormone Where Produced Functions Estrogen ovaries, adrenal glands Promotes maturation of reproductive placenta during pregnancy organs, development during puberty, regulates menstrual cycle, pregnancy Progesterone ovaries, adrenal glands Promotes breast development, maintains uterine lining, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy Gonadotropin- hypothalamus Promotes maturation of gonads, Releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates menstrual cycle Follicle-stimulating pituitary Regulates ovarian function and hormone (FSH) maturation of ovarian follicles HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  35. Female Sexual Physiology: Reproductive Hormones Hormone Where Produced Functions Luteinizing pituitary Assists in production of estrogen and hormone (LH) progesterone, regulates maturation of ovarian follicles, triggers ovulation Human chorionic embryo and placenta Helps sustain pregnancy gonadotropin (HCG) Testosterone adrenal glands and ovaries Helps stimulate sexual interest Oxytocin hypothalamus stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth Prolactin pituitary stimulates milk production Prostaglandins all body cells mediate hormone response, stimulate muscle contractions HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  36. Hormone Actions HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  37. The Ovarian Cycle • Cycle averages 28 days • Normal cycles last between 21 and 40 days • Generally results in ovulation in only one ovary per month • If two eggs are released: Fraternal twins • Ovaries typically alternate HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  38. Oogenesis HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  39. The Ovarian Cycle • 3 Phases of the ovary • Follicular phase: Days 1-10 • Hormones signal 10 to 20 follicles to grow on ovaries; Estrogen matures one oocyte • Ovulatory phase: Days 11-14 • Oocyte undergoes cell division; Follicle wall thins and ruptures; Oocyte enters abdominal cavity near fimbrae of fallopian tube • Luteal phase: Days 14-28 • Estrogen levels drop; egg travels through fallopian tube towards uterus HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  40. The Ovarian Cycle HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  41. Fertilization • The embryo produces Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Maintains the Corpus Luteum and progesterone levels • Further enhances the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  42. The Menstrual Cycle • 3 Phases of the uterine cycle • Menstrual phase (about 3-5 days) • Endometrium is shed • Endometrial tissue, mucous, other secretions, and 2-5 oz. blood is expelled through vagina • Proliferative phase (about 9 days) • Endometrium thickens, clear thin mucus secreted • Ends with ovulation • Secretory phase (14 days) • endometrium prepares for arrival of fertilized ovum • If no fertilization, ends with shedding of endometrium HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  43. Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  44. Hormones and Cycles HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  45. Menstrual variations • Emotional, physical, or behavioral changes • Pre Menstrual Symptoms • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder • Dysmenorrhea • Amenorrhea • Menorrhagia • Oligomenorrhea HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  46. Sexual response models • Masters and Johnson • Kaplan • Loulan HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  47. Female Sexual Response Model • Masters and Johnson 4 Phase Model: • excitement • plateau • orgasm • resolution HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  48. Female Sexual Response Model • Kaplan’s Tri-Phasic Model • Desire • Excitement • Orgasm HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  49. Female Sexual Response Model • Loulan’s Sexual Response Model: • Incorporates biological and affective dimensions • Willingness • Desire • Excitement • Engorgement • Orgasm • Pleasure HLED 403 Human Sexuality

  50. HLED 403 Human Sexuality

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