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Schistosomiasis : An unfamiliar infectious disease

Tiffany Jackson, Ph.D. student (Public Health: Epidemiology) Walden University PUBH 8165-1 (Environmental Health) Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell Spring, 2009. Schistosomiasis : An unfamiliar infectious disease. Objectives. Educate the general public about Schistosomiasis

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Schistosomiasis : An unfamiliar infectious disease

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  1. Tiffany Jackson, Ph.D. student (Public Health: Epidemiology) Walden University PUBH 8165-1 (Environmental Health) Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell Spring, 2009 Schistosomiasis:An unfamiliar infectious disease

  2. Objectives • Educate the general public about Schistosomiasis • Enlighten the public about a potential global impact • Convince professionals of the need for public health interventions

  3. Why Is It Important? • Emerging Infectious Disease ??? • Socioeconomic Impact • Health Conditions * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.

  4. Schistosomiasis • What Is It? • An infection caused by blood flukes • How Do People Get It? • Contact with contaminated water • Where Is It Found? • Tropical Climates • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2008, February). Schistosomiasis: Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 3, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/factsht_schistosomiasis.htm. * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.

  5. Types of Schistosoma • Schistosomamansoni www.tcd.ie • Schistosomajaponicum lifesciencedb.jp • Schistosomahaematobium www.ym.edu.tw * Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. * Johnson, A.G.; Ziegler, R.J.; Lukasewycz, O. A and Hawley, L. B. (2002). BRS: Microbiology and Immunology (4th Ed). Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.

  6. http://creationwiki.org/File: Schistosomiasis_Life_Cycle.jpg Life Cycle * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html. * Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. * Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill

  7. Disease Syndromes • Swimmer’s Itch (Dermatitis) • Katayama Fever • Chronic Fibro – Obstructive Disease • Bladder Carcinoma • www.gnntdc.org http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/s/ schistosomiasis1.jpg path.upmc.edu roboticoncology.com * Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. * Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.

  8. Signs / Symptoms 1. Dermatitis • Itchy • Papular Rash 2. Katayama Fever • Fever • Chills • Headache • Cough • Lymphadenopathy • Hepatosplenomegaly 3. Chronic Fibro-Obstruc. • Chronic Granulomatous Disease • Fibrosis 4. Bladder Carcinoma • Painless Hematuria • Frequency • Urgency • Dysuria * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html. * Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. * Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.

  9. Laboratory Findings • Parasite Eggs in Feces / Urine • Eosinophilia • Hematuria • Anemia • Abnormal LFT’s • Increased Creatinine • Uremia • (Wilson and Sande, 2001 p.872-874) Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.

  10. Global Impact ??? • Increase Incidence / Prevalence • Increase Morbidity / Mortality • Increase in Use of Public Health Resources * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html. * MicrobiologyBytes (Micro). (2007, January). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html

  11. Epidemiological Data • Effects about 500,000 in the U.S. • Occurs in > 200 million worldwide http://www.the-travel-doctor.com/schistosomiasis_files/image006.jpg

  12. S. mansoni: : Estimated Morbidity and Mortality • At risk of infection 393       • Infected 54 • Diarrhoea during previous 2 weeks 0.78 (0.0-7.8) • Blood in stool during previous 2 weeks 4.4 (3.0-8.3) • Hepatomegaly (mid-sternal line) 8.5 • Splenomegaly [6.3] • Ascites [0.29] • Haematemesis (ever) [0.93] • Haematemesis (deaths/year) [0.13] * World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/ epidemiology/ table/ en/ index.html

  13. S. haematobium: Estimated Morbidity and Mortality • At risk of infection 436       • Infected 112 • Haematuria during previous 2 weeks 71 (52-89) • Dysuria during previous 2 weeks 32 (17-55) • Minor bladder morbidity (detected by ultrasound) 76 (67-92) • Major bladder morbidity (detected by ultrasound) 24 (15-31) • Moderate hydronephrosis 9.6 • Major hydronephrosis 9.6 • Non-functioning kidney [1.7] • Non-functioning kidney (deaths/year) [0.15] • Bladder cancer (deaths/year) Males [0.011]   Females [0.0023] * World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/ epidemiology/ table/ en/ index.html

  14. What’s Being Done Now • Prevention Methods • Treatments • Environmental Regulations * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html. * Madramootoo, C. A.; Johnston, W. R. and Willardson, L.S. (Ed.) (1997). Management of Agricultural Drainage Water Quality. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). * Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. and Masters, S. B. (Ed. 7th). (2005). Pharmacology: Examination and Board Review. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill. *Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill

  15. What Needs to Be Done • Increase Public Education / Awareness • Better Water Treatment • More Collaborative Efforts * Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html.

  16. Bibliography For more information on Schistosomiasis refer to the following resources: • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Parasitic Diseases (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/Schistosomiasis/) • Directors of Health Promotion and Education (www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html) • Global Health Council (http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/2086) • U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health: Medline Plus (www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001321.htm) • World Health Organization (www.who.int/topics/schistosomiasis/en/)

  17. References • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2008, February). Schistosomiasis: Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 3, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ schistosomiasis/ factsht_schistosomiasis.htm. • Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html. • Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. • Johnson, A.G.; Ziegler, R.J.; Lukasewycz, O. A and Hawley, L. B. (2002). BRS: Microbiology and Immunology (4th Ed). Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. • Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. • MicrobiologyBytes(Micro). (2007, January). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html

  18. References Cont. • Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Boston: Harvard University Press. • Madramootoo, C. A.; Johnston, W. R. and Willardson, L.S. (Ed.) (1997). Management of Agricultural Drainage Water Quality. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). • Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. and Masters, S. B. (Ed. 7th). (2005). Pharmacology: Examination and Board Review. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill. • Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill. • World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/table/en/index.html

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