NanoTechnology in the Field of Medicine

1. NanoTechnology in the Field of Medicine By Suchitha Koneru

2. Outline • Introduction • Cell repair Machines • Features • Applications of Cell Repair Machines • Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Machines • Nano Medicine • Respirocytes • Ongoing Research • Nano Horrors

3. Cell Repair Machines • Medical Nano Robots(Moleculartechnology and AI) • Will change medicine at its foundations • A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues • A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine from the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing • Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and destroy a specific kind of cell • Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability

4. Features • Size • micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from 1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns • Bio Compatibility • Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not attacked by the immune system • Powering • Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy • Clinical environment acoustic energy • Communication • Broadcast acoustic type messages • Device similar to an Ultra Sound Probe • Acoustic sensors • Internal communication network

5. Navigation : • a navigational network with station keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy • Accurate positions could be reported to the physician using the internal communication network

6. Applications of cell Repair Machines • Drug Delivery • Sophisticated ways • Target specific ,enable the use of lower doses of medicine • Side effects may be minimized and stronger medicine could be used • Trigger based , will release medicine when needed example Insulin delivery • Correcting Genetic Disorders • Comparing the strand of nucleotides segment by segment • Changing the nucleotides within a DNA so that it matches a correct pattern

7. Anesthesia plus • interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state) • Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for more time • Used in the case of emergencies • Can be achieved using molecular machines • Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices • Reversing bio statis • When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started by the doctor , repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and unblock the metabolic machinery • Astronauts as a one way travel

8. Establishing Health • State of health is established • Recognize the differences between the healthy tissue and the diseased tissue and rectify those differences • Immune system • the body’s immune system is limited in its capabilities • Immune machines :- Medical nano machines, which could be programmed to respond to anything encountered by the world of medicine . • Disease of Aging • Damaged molecular machinery • Misarranged structures , low enzymes

9. Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair machines • Developing cell repair machines requires great effort ,knowledge and skill, tremendous development in Artificial Intelligence • An exact answer cannot be given to the question “ when will cell repair machines be available “ • Loss of information through obliteration of structure imposes the most important fundamental limit to the repair of tissue

10. Cell repair machine destroying a cancer cell

11. NanoMedicine • Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even a simple project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon • Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key enabling technologies • Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other machine • Applications • Miniaturizing surgery • Tissue reconstruction • Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and suffering

12. Respirocyte • A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell • Of the order of 1 micron • Spherical nano robot made of 18 billion atoms • A pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen O2 and CO2 molecules • By the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide • The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red blood cells and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red blood cell • Applications • Treatment of Anemia • Transfusions and perfusions • Fetal and Child Related disorders

14. On Going Research Making Tiny Plastic Particles to deliver Lifesaving Medicine • Many medications such as therapeutic DNA, insulin and human growth hormone must enter the body through painful injections, but a Johns Hopkins researcher is seeking to deliver the same treatment without the sting • Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the Department of Chemical and BioMolecular Engineering wants to pack the drug into microscopic plastic spheres which can be inhaled • new type of porous polymer particles capable of releasing drugs in an environment resembling the deep lungs • http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html

15. DNA Nanotechnology • Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles Arrays by DNA Scaffolding. • This NSF-funded project is a done under the supervision of : • Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical Engineering) • Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry), • Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York University). • The objective of this exciting multi-disciplinary research project is to use two-dimensional DNA crystals as a scaffolding for the self-assembly of arrays of metallic nanoparticles for the development of new electronic devices.

16. Chemical Imaging • University of Michigan • Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student (Department Of Chemistry) • Optical nano sensors for real time chemical imaging of cellular membranes and intracellular processes , these sensors will monitor pH, calcium , magnesium , sodium , potassium , chloride , oxygen concentrations within the cells

17. Nano Horrors • Self replicating Nano Robots • A threat to the existence of human beings

18. References • http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html • http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf • ( for research at National institute of health and other universities) • http://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.php • http://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.html • (nano technology applied to veterinary medicine ) • http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news3/page4.html • (medical nano robots) • http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nanotechAndMedicine.html • http://www.irannano.org/English/publication/Articles/nanomedicine2.htm • (nano medicine faq) • http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.html • http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html • http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg • http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDate • (for nano medicine )

19. Thank You