COURSE CURRICULUM

2. TRAINING FOR THEWEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIAL COURSE CURRICULUM

3. TRAINING FOR THEWEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIAL COURSE CURRICULUM

4. TRAINING FOR THEWEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIAL Module Ten“Measuring Devices” Tenth in a series of 14

5. General Overview This module will: • Familiarize you with measuring devices • Introduce various terms and definitions • Discuss enforcement tools used by the field inspector • Prepare you for “hands on” field training

6. Module Objectives Understand the difference between commercial and non-commercial use Be familiar with the reference tools used in inspection and testing measuring devices Distinguish various types of measuring devices, their applications, and use with different commodities Understand the effects of temperature and pressure and how some measuring devices compensate for these variables

7. Introduction to Measuring Devices • What do time, water and electricity have in common? • How can the distance between two locations and power top run an electric motor be related? Time, water, electric power and the distancebetween two or more locations areall commoditiesthat have value: A monetary value and a measured value

8. Introduction to Measuring Devices Taxis The cost is based on the distance and the time spent in traffic Utility Companies Charge is based on the amount of electricity, water, or natural gas we use Municipalities Collect money from the timed parking meters

9. General Requirements California Code of Regulations Is the body of rules that give the specific requirements for all devices Type-Approval Is the process used to establish that devices maintain their accuracy and function properly under normal working conditions and do not facilitate fraud

10. Types of Devices Commercial and Non-Commercial Commercial Are used to determine the charge for a commodity or service General Requirements Non-Commercial Are devices not used to determine a charge, rather they generally are used in processing or manufacturing plants for the combining of material to make a final product, or used as inventory controls

11. General Requirements Universal Device Identification Requirements • Manufacturer’s Name or Trademark • Model Designation • Non-repeating Serial Number

12. General Requirements Under normal use, all measuring equipment shall: • Maintain their accuracy • Be suitable for the product measured • Be suitable for the environment. Not affected by wind, weather or Radio Frequency Interference • Be installed to manufacturer’s instructions • Have identification readily observable

13. General Requirements Devices Shall: • Be accessible for the testing equipment • Be located so testing equipment can properly function • Have a security seal affixed to the adjustment mechanism

14. General Requirements Device Owner Shall: • Supply any special facility, transportation and labor needed to inspect, test and seal their measuring device • Bring devices to a central location when required, usually for safety purposes

15. General Requirements Primary Indicating Element • The term “primary” is applied to those principal indicating (visual) elements designed to be used by the operator in a normal commercial use of a device • The term “primary” is applied to any element that is the determining factor in arriving at the sale representation, when used commercially • Read from a reasonable customer and operator positions

16. Regulatory Requirements Retroactive Requirements Enforceable to all equipment (Devices) The requirements affect all of the devices already produced and to be produced Non-Retroactive Requirements Apply only to those devices produced after the effective dateof the regulation On the effective date a regulation takes place, it applies only tothose affected devices that are manufactured or imported into the State on or after that date, or tothe devices placed into commercial service for the first time

17. Types of Measuring Devices Commodities can be sold and therefore measured as: liquids, gases, solids, and even time

18. Linear Measuring Devices Units of Divisions Decimal Division into tenths; this includes the metric system Duodecimal Division into twelfths; used by the Romans (example: 12-inch foot) Binary Divides a unit of measures into halves Sexagesimal Division into 60 parts, used by the Babylonians (example: time and circles)

19. Linear Measuring Devices Yard Sticks • If made of material softer than brass, it must have a metal tip as hard as brass • Can fold or flex • Cannot be made of cloth or any material that can stretch or shrink

20. Linear Measuring Devices Cloth Meters Mechanical, uses rollers, pressure supplied by a spring and gears connect rollers to indicator Cloth sold by the yard or binary subdivision of a yard

21. Odometers Used by ambulances, rental cars, tow trucks • Two types: Mechanical and Electronic • Mechanical uses wire-type shaft that connects to either transmission or front tire • Electronic uses “pulse counter” on the transmission • Tire pressure affects accuracy

22. Measuring Container Measuring Container • Used only once • Capacities in multiples of or binary submultiples of a quart or liter • Capacity is a defined by top edge

23. Graduates • Designed to measure liquids • Filled to a designated line or to the top of the container • Straight-sided cylinder or a circular cone • Base and graduations perpendicular to the vertical axis • Can have single-scale or double-scale graduations

24. Dry Measures Rigid Measure • Designed for repeated use in the measurement of solids • Not used as shipping container • Suitably strong material that will retain its shape during normal usage • Top edge reinforced • Wooden measure reinforced with a firmly attached metal band

25. Berry Baskets For Berries and Small Fruits • Capacities of 1 dry quart, 1 dry pint, or ½ dry pint • Constructed of suitable materials that will retain their shape

26. Temperature Liquids and gases respond similarly to varying temperature As temperature increases, volume of the gas/liquid also increases Volume measurements usually referenced to a specific temperature, such as 68°F or 20°C Coefficient of expansion is needed for correction Liquid Measuring Devices

27. Liquid Measuring Devices Boyle’s Law states: Volume of a gas varies inversely in proportion to the pressure on it, provided the temperature remains constant As pressure increases volume decreases Pressure For gases the effect is of great concern Effect of pressure on liquids is negligible

28. Liquid A substance “in an intermediate state between the gaseous and solid states.” “Under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions, most substances are able to exist in the liquid state.” “Densities of liquids are usually lower than, but close to, the densities of the same substance in the solid state.” Liquid Measuring Devices

29. Cryogenic Meter Liquid Measuring Devices Liquids that are measured can dramatically vary in temperature and pressure • Examples: • Gasoline is commonly held in underground storage tanks at about 55°F to 60°F • Propane boils at -44°F, must be kept in a high-pressure vessel in order to maintain the liquid state • Cryogenic Liquids have a boiling point of -243°F, but the pressures are relatively low

30. Liquid Measuring Devices All have primary indication elements with the exception of water dispensers Measured in an abundantchoice of units of measures: • Pints • Quarts • Liters • Gallons • Pounds • Kilograms • Cubic feet • Cubic meters

31. Liquid Measuring Devices Primary indicatorsmust be returned to a zero indication prior to dispensing After liquid passes through the measuring device it cannot diverted from the discharge line

32. Liquid Measuring Devices Liquid in the measuring chamber must be maintained in a liquid state AVapor Eliminator is a device that removes the vapor from the liquid line prior to the measuring chamber

33. Wet-Hose • A hose designated to operate with discharge hose full of liquid at all times • Must have an Anti-Drain Valve • This device prevents drainage of the liquid from the discharge hose Dry-Hose A hose intended to be completely drained at the end of each delivery Liquid Measuring Devices Discharge Hoses

34. Temperature Compensator Liquid Measuring Devices Temperature Compensation Temperature compensating mechanisms are required on liquefied petroleum gas with a flow rate of over 20 gallons per minute (100 liters per minute) • Temperature compensationis optional on other liquids • Temperature compensatingsystems usually correct thedelivered volume to 60°F(15°C)

35. Liquid Measuring Devices A-1 Gas 1234 High Street Carlton, CA 00009 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DATE: 12/30/02 TIME: 10:14:49 am SHIFT: 0 CLERK: 13131313 REGISTER: TRANSACTION: 32942 ---REPRINT RECEIPT--- QTY DESCRIPTION PRICE TOTAL -------- ----------------- --------- --------- 10.169 G Regular 1.399 14.23 ------------------- 10.169 Items Sold SUBTOTAL 14.23 ------------------- AMOUNT DUE 14.23 Receipts Shall be made available through a built-in or separate recording element for all transactions conducted with a debit, credit card or cash transaction Printed or written receipts must have: • Total volume • Unit price per volume • Total computed price • Name or symbol of the product purchased

36. Timing Devices Time cannot be placed on a scale, held in a container, or measured with a ruler. But much of commerce dealswith time

37. Timing Devices • Babylonians created the divisions of an hour into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds • The Babylonian clock dripped water from one jar into another jar through a carefully calculated hole • The amount of time it takes for the water to completely drip from one jar to the next was the length of one day

38. Taximeters Parking Meters Laundromat Dryers Timing Devices Examples of Commercial Timing Devices

39. Taximeters Are unique devices in that they combine both a linear measuring component and a timing factor

40. Taximeters 1) Linear Measurement Mechanical (wire) or electronic (pulser) attachment to a wheel or transmission • Distance traveled divided into fractions, such as tenths or eighthsof a mile • Calculating element computes the amount charged based on the number of units (fractions of mile) traveled times the rate per unit of measure • Corresponding charge for that unit of distance • Tire size is important. As air pressure varies so does thecircumference of the tire

41. Taximeters 2) Time Factor Waiting periods or non-movement periods divided into blocks of time Charge made for each block of time

42. Electricity What is Electricity? • It is a substance without physical shape or weight • It is the flow of electrons along a conductor

43. Electricity The four elements that make up the measurement of electricity are: Amperes (Amps):Rate of flow of electrical current or electron movement Amps = Volts/Ohms Ohm:Practical unit of electrical resistance Ohms = Volts/Amps Volts (Voltage):Electrical pressure that causes an electron flow circuit. always measured across two points Watt:Practical unit of active power and rate that energy is delivered to a circuitWatts = Volts x Amps

44. Electricity Two factors to consider when dealing with electricity are power and energy Power is the rate at which an electrical circuit performs work. Power is expressed in thousands of watts or kilowatts Energy is power multiplied by time. Consumption of electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hours

45. Electricity Jurisdiction • California Public Utilities Commission has oversight of the sale of electricity from public utilities • California Weights and Measures has jurisdiction over sub-metered utility meters • Sub-metered utility meters (water, gas and electricity) are meters owned and operated by the property owners of the apartments,mobile home parks and marinas • California is one of the few weights and measures jurisdictions to regulate these sub-meters

46. Initially developed by Thomas Edison in 1882 • In early designs weight loss from zinc electrodes determined electrical use Electric Watt-Hour Meters By 1890’s the electro-mechanical meter with rotating disk connected to series of dials calibrated in kilowatt hours

47. Electric Watt-Hour Meters Solid state electronic watt-hour meter technology developed in the late Twentieth Century

48. Computer Software • Is used in the measurement process for devices such as retail motor fuel dispensers, electronic cash registers, liquefied petroleum gas meters, electric meters and taxi meters • Software that affects the metrological components must undergo the type-approval process • Software can be used to interpret the signal from a meter pulser and converts to a unit of measure • Software can be used to calibrate and configure parameters that affect the metrological (accuracy affecting) components

49. Audit Trails • Exist only in electronic devices or mechanical devices connected to a computer or electronic display that can affect calibration • An electronic count and/or information record of the changes to the values of the calibration or configuration parameters of a device • Enables information to be viewed or printed to determine if any changes have been made • A tool for the weights and measures official to determine if any changes have been made to adjustable parameters Certificates of Approval contain the information on how to access the audit trail information for a particular device or system

50. Audit Trails The California Code of Regulations, Handbook 44 and Publication 14, contain specific information on audit trail requirements Publication 14 is a checklist of test procedures for evaluating weighing and measuring devices and includes detailed audit trial criteria As new technology is introduced, audit trail criteria are amended to help ensure fraud does not go undetectedwhether accidental or intentional