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Vegetative Parts of Plants

Vegetative Parts of Plants. Spring 2014. Descriptive Terminology. LEARN DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY = PHYTOGRAPHY - Vegetative - Floral/inflorescence - Fruit ASSOCIATE STRUCTURES WITH TERMS - Significant range of variation - Learn to identify major structures and

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Vegetative Parts of Plants

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  1. Vegetative Parts of Plants Spring 2014

  2. Descriptive Terminology • LEARN DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY = PHYTOGRAPHY - Vegetative - Floral/inflorescence - Fruit • ASSOCIATE STRUCTURES WITH TERMS - Significant range of variation - Learn to identify major structures and modifications

  3. R. W. Pohl Conservatory5th floor – Bessey Hall • AVAILABLE TO BIOLOGY 366 STUDENTS - Free to look at plants to get a better idea of morphological structures and taxonomic diversity. • OPEN HOURS ARE 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday - Some Friday afternoons conservatory is closed for pesticide applications. Some research areas are not available for general viewing. - Access by the elevator. Pay attention to warning signs! • PLANTS AND PLANT PARTS ARE NOT TO BE REMOVED - Pesticides have been applied to all plant material. - Do not eat any plant products. - Do not disturb any research areas.

  4. Sequoiadendron— most massive Sequoia—tallest

  5. Among the smallest plants in the world: Duckweeds (Lemna, Araceae) Root and 1-2 leaves; floating aquatic

  6. Vegetative Parts of Plants NON-REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: ROOTS - STEMS - LEAVES

  7. Fig. 9.1 from Simpson

  8. Roots • FUNCTIONS - Anchoring, support, storage - Absorption of water and mineral nutrients; mycorrhizae • STRUCTURE - xylem and phloem usually in a central vascular strand - no cuticle (except on aerial roots), root hairs. - branching pattern variable - no nodes/internodes present in roots! • DESCRIPTIVE TERMS: - Taproot (carrot) vs. fibrous roots (grass) - Fibrous, adventitious, aerial, fleshy, prop - Adventitious roots (from stems)

  9. Fibrous roots Tap root

  10. Adventitious roots – roots produced by structures other than another root(e.g.,stems)

  11. Root modifications storage buttress pneumatophores Fig. 9.2 from Simpson

  12. Root Modifications: Ficus (Moraceae) “Strangler Fig” Adaptation for anchoring and nutrient gathering – begins as an epiphyte, and sends down adventitious roots.

  13. Prop roots (adventitious) Pandanus (Pandanaceae)

  14. Haustorial roots Found in parasitic plants. Host stem Dodder (Cuscuta, Convolvulaceae)

  15. Buttress roots

  16. Modifications of Roots: Mangroves – Anchoring, support, and aeration (coastline habitats)

  17. Mangrove: Pre-dehiscence germination Root is already emerged from seed before it is separated from the tree.

  18. Root Modifications: Aerenchyma in aquatics

  19. Roots and other organisms Mycorrhizal associations were critical to the invasion of land by plants and are nearly universal in plants. endomycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae

  20. Some angiosperm families (primarily the legumes, Fabaceae) have root nodules housing nitrogren-fixing bacteria

  21. Stems • FUNCTIONS - support and exposure of leaves to light, flowers to pollination agents, fruits to dispersal agents - vascular conduction of water/minerals and photosynthates - sometimes the primary photosynthetic organ • STRUCTURE - nodes and internodes; rearrangement of vascular tissues - ring of bundles or scattered bundles in primary stems - secondary growth produces secondary xylem (wood) - epidermis in primary stems; bark in woody plants - buds: terminal, axillary/lateral, bud scale scars • DESCRIPTIVE TERMS: - Branching patterns; bulbs, herbaceous, woody - Horizontal stems: above ground = stolons; below = rhizomes - Vines, shrubs, trees, succulent, tendril, cladode, etc.

  22. Fig. 9.1 from Simpson

  23. Stems: Nodes and Internodes

  24. Fig. 9.3 from Simpson

  25. Herbaceous stems:

  26. Stems: Some can be hollow;loss of pith during maturation

  27. Modifications in the Petiolar Region Swollen nodes: Characteristic of the Pink Family (Caryophyllaceae)

  28. Vines and climbers:

  29. Photosynthetic Stems cladodes succulent stems

  30. Tussock: In plants with a graminoid (grass- like) habit, stems may not be evident. This example is a ‘tussock’ habit, forming clumps.

  31. Basal rosette:

  32. No apparent stems! Subterranean horizontal stems: Rhizomes

  33. Rhizomes vs. roots

  34. Tubers (underground storage stems): wsu.edu energyfarms.com

  35. Bulbs: stems (internodes) are shortened and leaves are fleshy and protective.

  36. Woody Stems – Arborescent or shrubby habit

  37. Stem Modifications: Bark (phellem or cork + 2° phloem) Most woody plants produce bark, a growth of the cork cambial layer, for mechanical protection and to reduce water loss.

  38. Bark variation lenticels

  39. Leaves • FUNCTIONS - light capture, production of photosynthates, transpiration, protection of growing point • STRUCTURE - petiole, stipules, pulvinus, blade (lamina), veins (midrib) - vestiture (minimally a cuticle), hairs, scales, etc. - simple vs. compound (blade divided into discrete parts) - many modifications, including extreme reduction - virtually always with a bud or branch in the axil • DESCRIPTIVE TERMS: - Many, based on leaf shape, size, color, venation, margin, apex, base, arrangement, number, presentation

  40. Basic leaf structure

  41. Stipules

  42. Modifications in the Petiolar Region Ocrea: stipular tube (characteristic of most of the Buckwheat Family, Polygonaceae)

  43. pulvinus (lower) axillary bud

  44. Modifications in the Petiolar Region Sheathing leaf bases

  45. Venation: Parallel vs. “Netted”

  46. Unusual venation: Melastomataceae

  47. Leaf blade: Simple Compound Pinnate Palmate

  48. Compound leaves Fig. 9.9, Simpson

  49. Palmate Leaf – leaflets arise from one point

  50. Once-pinnately compound

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