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The First World War

The First World War. Chapter 23 1914-1920. The War Begins. W.W. I lasted 4 years (1914-1918) 15 million killed 80% died from disease, starvation and exposure cost $350 billion millions killed are civilians <called How Twenty Marines took Bouresches by Frank Schoonover.

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The First World War

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  1. The First World War Chapter 23 1914-1920

  2. The War Begins • W.W. I lasted 4 years (1914-1918) • 15 million killed • 80% died from disease, starvation and exposure • cost $350 billion • millions killed are civilians • <called How Twenty Marines took Bouresches by Frank Schoonover

  3. Causes of The Great War • 1. Nationalism-ethnic groups speaking the same language wanted their own country. • Desire for freedom and self-government is so strong-willing to risk war. • 2. Imperialism-competition for colonies to add to their empires • Russia and Austria-Hungary are rivals for Slavic dominance • France and Germany are in competition for Morocco • Great Britain and Germany in the Middle East and Africa • <Take up the Sword of Justice

  4. Causes of World War I • 3. A system of Alliances • Collective Security • Triple Entente becomes the Allies in W.W. I-France, Great Britain, Russia • Triple Alliance becomes the Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • 4. Militarism-stockpile weapons-arms race develops • strengthened navy • <European Collective Security

  5. The Start of the War • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife, Sophie • heir to the throne of the Austria-Hungary throne • June 28, 1914 • Sarajevo in Bosnia • Gavrilo Princip-teenaged assassin who is a member of the black hand, a secret society to unite all Serbs under one rule • <Route of the Archduke and Sophie

  6. The Start of the War • The system of Alliances goes into effect • Austria-Hungary is determined to stamp Serbian Nationalism out • gives Serbs an ultimatum • Serbs reject-July 28-Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia • July 29-Russia orders a general mobilization to help Serbia • three days later-Germany declares War on Russia • on August 3-Germany declares war on France • August 4-Britain declares war on Germany • <Czar Nicholas II of Russia

  7. Sides and Leaders of Countries • Allies: France, Britain, Russia, later: Japan and United States among others • Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire • <King Peter of Serbia

  8. Leaders-Allies • Britain • <King George V • Prime Minister Herbert Asquith

  9. Leaders-Allies • France: • Premier-Georges Clemenceau • President-Raymond Poincare

  10. Leaders-Allies • Russia: • <Czar Nicholas II • with son Tsarevich Alexis

  11. Leaders-Allies • Japan • <Emperor Yoshihito

  12. Leaders-Allies • Italy • <King Vittorio Emmanuel • Premier-Vittorio Orlando

  13. Leaders-Allies • United States • <Woodrow Wilson • reelected in 1916-slogan “He kept us out of War” • beats Charles Evan Hughes

  14. Commander of the Allied Forces • Overall Commander of the Allied Forces-from France • Marshal Ferdinand Foch

  15. Leaders-Central Powers • Germany • <Kaiser Wilhelm-left w/ sons

  16. Leaders-Central Powers • Austria-Hungary • <Franz Joseph-Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary

  17. Leaders-Central Powers • Turkey • <Sultan Mohammed V

  18. Leaders-Central Powers • Bulgaria • <King Ferdinand

  19. United States Policy • Beginning of the war • “...impartial in thought, as well as, in action!” • neutrality • Wilson offers to mediate • CAN WE BE NEUTRAL? • Ethnic • business • cultural ties • <Dead at Champagne

  20. Violation of Neutrality • By British First: • Britain controls the seas • at first, British are just stopping ships with contraband destined for Germany • later try to stop all trade • blockaded: Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden • by 1915-it had strangled American trade with the Central Powers and neutral states • Britain never pushed too far • <British fleet

  21. Violation of American Neutrality • Germany: • Submarine Warfare- • Germany uses Subs to break Allies blockade • May 7, 1915-British Submarine torpedoed British Passenger liner <Lusitania off the Irish coast • 1198 people go down-128 Americans • Wilson demands a cease on attacks on Passenger liners • Germany publicly does not give in-privately does

  22. Violation of American Neutrality • Sussex Pledge-March 1916-Germans pledge not to torpedo liners, but if hunger blockades were not lifted, they would begin unrestricted sub warfare again • Early 1917-Germany resumes unrestricted Submarine warfare • gambled the sub could assure victory before the United States could have an effect on the war • Wilson breaks diplomatic relations • ZIMMERMAN AFFAIR: • British intercept message from German Foreign Secretary-<Alfred Zimmerman to Mexico

  23. Violation of American Neutrality • If Mexico enters on the side of the Germans, when the Germans won, they would give them back New Mexico, Arizona and Texas • US publishes the note on March 1, 1917 • After Germany sinks more ships, • April 2, 1917-Wilson asks Congress to declare War • April 6, 1917-United States declares war on Germany • <Americans enlisting in Paris

  24. The War in Europe • Germany invades Belgium • Belgium is neutral, gateway to France • Germany fighting on two fronts-Russia in the East, France in the west • Schlieffen Plan-fight France first- then Russia-defeat the French-then unite the two armies and crush Russia • American accounts of the German Army entering Brussels • 26 hours of men marching into Brussels • <Alfred von Schlieffen

  25. Stalemate on the Western Front • Allies stop the advance of the Germans on the Marne River • results in Trench Warfare-trenches are deep enough to stand and fire their machine guns and still be protected • stalemate for 3 1/2 years • 1916-Germans try to break through but are thrown back at the Somme and Verdun • both sides suffer 100’s of 1000’s casualties • <English dead in a captured trench

  26. Trenches • <Trench diagram (British)

  27. New Weapons • Big Bertha-1914-hurl an 1800 pound shell nine miles • Poison Gas: Chlorine-suffocated and mustard burned the skin • Germans used first at Ypres in 1915 • 1916-British introduce tanks • Germans retaliated with flame throwers • <British prototype “Little Willie”

  28. United States Goes to War • Involvement by the US comes at a crucial time-Germans are sinking ships 2x faster than replaced • Allies are shaky on land-French are wearied and Russians are tired of the war • US Navy immediately join British • Draft-Selective Service Act of 1917-all men between the ages of 21-30 later 18-45 • Congress gives President dictatorial power • <American Troops disembark in Paris in June of 1917

  29. Wilson sets up six wartime agencies • War Industries Board-<Bernard M. Baruch • Food Administration-Herbert Hoover • U.S. Shipping Board-protect American Shipping • Emergency Fleet Corporation-build desperately needed ships • National War Labor Board-handle labor disputes • Committee on Public Information

  30. Mobilization Continues • Committee on Public information staged pep rallies, propaganda: • Germans are evil • Kaiser Wilhelm started the war • Anti-German Hysteria • Restaurant owners-Sauerkraut-Liberty Cabbage-Hamburger-Liberty Steak • German Valley to Long Valley • typical propaganda of the time • Government takes over transportation, communications

  31. Disloyalty is crushed • Espionage Act of 1917- • fine and imprison for anyone who interfered with the draft or showed disloyalty • Sedition Act of 1918-punishment to anyone who wrote, said anything “...disloyal, profane, or scurrilous...” about the government • 1500 people are convicted • <Propaganda Poster

  32. Americans Arrive • Just in time-Austria-Hungary almost crush an Italian Army in Serbia • Russian Revolution-2 Revolutions • 1st Revolution makes the mistake of remaining in the war-<Alexander Kerensky • 2nd-Bolshevik (Communist) offers Germany Peace-Vladmir Lenin-November of 1917 • Free ups troops to go to the Western Front

  33. Wilson Outlines the Peace Treaty • 14 Points Plan-January 8, 1918 • first 5 outline general principles-freedom of the seas, reduction of arms • next 8 promise territorial adjustments including- • German evacuation of Russia, Belgium • the breakup of Austria-Hungary • independence for Poland • the 14th point is big one: offers an association of nations keep world peace

  34. The End of the War • Germans force the Bolsheviks (Russians) to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-Gave Germany a slice of Eastern Europe • The Americans 1st large scale fighting-30,000 doughboys fought the Germans at Chateau-Thierry on the Marne River-27 miles from Paris • The American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) was led by <General John “Black Jack” Pershing

  35. End of the War • Austria Hungary collapses-signs an armistice-Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates throne • Germany signs an armistice-the eleventh month, eleventh day, eleventh hour. ( November 11, 1918) • that ends the war-<Celebration of Armistice 1918 • The Treaty of Versailles: • some Americans want surrender not armistice • T.R. and other Republican leaders attack 14 point plan-peace terms are too soft • Wilson takes treaty to the people

  36. The Treaty of Versailles • Wilson in Paris-conference opens January 18, 1919 • responsibilities fell on the <“Big Four” • Wilson (United States), David Lloyd George(Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau(France’s Premier), Vittorio E. Orlando(Italy’s Prime Minister) • Problems occur right away-Wilson wants to emphasize a League of Nations- France thinks peace should come first

  37. Versailles Treaty • League of Nations becomes part of the peace treaty • Wilson drew up the league-Constitution- • 2 main bodies-an assembly and a council (US, Britain, France, Italy, Japan) • Article 10- Heart of the covenant-Collective Security • this makes the Treaty a loser with the US • <The Symbol of the League of Nations

  38. The Versailles Treaty • The Treaty itself: • 1. Germany loses about 1/7th of its land • 2. Large reparations bill for war damage • 3. Admit guilt for starting the war • 4. Recognize the new states of Eastern Europe created from Austria Hungary • 5. League of Nations • map of Germany in 1919

  39. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • <Henry Cabot Lodge-led a group called the “Irreconcilables” • Senator from Massachusetts • believe that the United states should be isolationist-stay out of European affairs • Lodge is chosen as the head of the Committee on Foreign Relations • on July 10, 1919-Wilson asks Congress to approve Treaty • Wilson knows Treaty is in trouble

  40. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • September 25, 1919-Wilson is on a speaking tour to promote the Treaty to the people • Pueblo, Colorado-Wilson collapses from exhaustion • returns to Washington and takes a stroke-incapacitates him for 6 months • Lodge recommends passage of Treaty with changes-The Lodge Reservations • protect the rights of the US to act independently to the League • Wilson thought it would destroy the League

  41. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • Wilson urges Democrats not to accept changes • Senate votes 2 x on the Treaty • both are turned down • Election of 1920: • Wilson could not believe the United States would not be part of the League of Nations-wanted to make a referendum-Americans are sick of it • Democrats ignore Wilson-nominate-James M. Cox with Franklin D. Roosevelt as the VP • Republicans-<Warren G. Harding-(Ohio) with Calvin Coolidge

  42. The Election of 1920 • Republican’s platform- • 1. Higher tariff • 2. lower taxes • 3. Immigration restrictions • 4. Promises of return to normalcy • <Calvin Coolidge • Republicans win

  43. Results in Photos • World War I’s Death and destruction • World War I: From Dutch Archives-Death and Destruction

  44. The Time Between the Wars • The Collapse of Old Empires • seen as the triumph of Democracy • Russia, Germany, Austria Hungary all fell • Wilson wanted a Europe based on Self-determination-government chosen by the people • each nationality group are to be free to set up its own government or join existing countries • eg.-Poles in Poland, Czechs and Slovaks in Czechoslovakia, Southern Slavs in Yugoslavia • most new forms are Representative governments

  45. The Time Between Wars • All this hope is dashed by the Great Depression • people felt the effects and thus governments • new types of governments form • Japanese proclaim the “Japanese Monroe Doctrine” and attack the mainland of Asia • Totalitarian governments take shape- • form of Dictatorship-single political party, subordinates the wishes of the people to make the state more powerful • Russia-Lenin, Stalin • Italy and Fascism-Mussolini, Capitalism controlled by state • Nazism in Germany, Hitler

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