The Writing and Reading Center MLA/APA Workshop

1. The Writing and Reading CenterMLA/APA Workshop Bring essays that you are currently working on!

2. What is MLA? • MLA stand for the Modern Language Association style which calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete documentation in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The style is used mostly in the Humanities disciplines.

3. What are in-text or parenthetical citations? These are abbreviated citations in the text of your essay to indicate the source you used in this section of your paper. Why is using in-text citations important? It is important because you are expected to indicate the intellectual property of the writers or researchers you are citing in your academic work. Failure to do so equals plagiarism and can result in serious academic consequences. Do you need in-text citations even if you have a works-cited page? Yes, you do. You need to use in-text citations—in addition to the works-cited page—whether you quote or paraphrase from the original source to indicate the intellectual property of the writer who you are citing.

4. What do you need to use proper in-text citations? • In using proper MLA in-text citations, you include the author’s last name and the page number following the excerpt you used from the source. Ex. (Levin 2). If you do not have an author’s name, you can use either the title of the article in quotes, or if unavailable the web address. However, if the source is a well-known site, such as an Encyclopedia or dictionary, you can use the name of the source in the citations. Ex. (Encyclopedia Britannica 600) or (OED 300). Note: Do not place an abbreviation for page (p. or pg.) within the parenthetical reference. Also make sure you include the punctuation marks after your parentheses when citing sources within the text: • Ex. Levin states the viability of the argument to torture what he calls, “the obviously guilty” (467).

5. What do I need to for my Works-Cited sheet? • You need to center the title Works Cited. Alphabetize the entries in your work-cited page and note the following: • Invert the author’s last name first. Include the first and middle name of the author after the comma. Capitalize all the proper nouns, adjectives and words in the title. Here are some MLA entries: 1- Book by One Author: Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, New Accents, 1982. Print. 2- Book by Two or Three Authors:Gross, Samuel R., and Robert Mauro. Death and Discrimination: RacialDisparities in Capital Sentencing. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1989. Print.

6. 3- Chapter from a Book: Ong, Walter J. “Writing Restructures Consciousness.” Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, New Accents, 1982. 77-94. Print. Last name, first name. “Title of chapter.” Book title. Place of publication: publisher, date. page no. Print. In-text citation: (Ong 90). Note: “Print” indicates that the source was accessed in a print form. 4- Chapter in a Volume: Achebe, Chinua. “Uncle Ben’s Choice.” The Seagull Reader: Literature. Ed. Joseph Kelly. New York: Norton, 2005. 23-27. Print. Author’s last name, first name. “Title of work.” Title of Anthology. Ed. Editor’s first and last Name Publication City: publisher, year. Pages Print.

7. 5- Scholarly Article Accessed through a Database: Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009. Note: “Web” indicates that the source was accessed through the web. It is usually placed before the date of access. 6- Article in an Online Only Scholarly Journal: Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal 6.2 (2008): n. pag. Web. 20 May 2009. Note: “n.pag” indicates that there is no pagination or page numbers for this publication. “n.pag” stands for “no pages.”

8. 7- Article in an Online Magazine or Newspaper: Give the author; the title of the article in quotation marks; the title of the magazine or newspaper italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the site (use “N.p.” if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access Rubin, Jeol. “Report Faults Charter Schools.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 22 Jan. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009. 8- Short work from a Website: Short works include articles, poem, and other documents that appear as the internal pages of a Website. Include the following: author’s name; title of the short work in quotation marks; title of the site italicized; sponsor of the site; date of publication or last update; medium, and your date of access. Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” NativeWeb. NativeWeb, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2009.

9. 9. Government Publication: United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An Investigation of the Safety Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Nov. 1999. Web. 20 May 2008. 10. An Organization Publication: Author (Agency). Title, edition, statement. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. (Series elements). International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook May 2000; Asset Prices and the Business Cycle. Washington, D.C, 2000. Print.

10. An Organization Publication Cont’d: United Nations. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Statistics Division. "School Life Expectancy (Expected Number of Years of Formal Schooling), Latest Available Year." Social Indicators. July 2004. Web. 6 Nov. 2004. World Bank. World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World. 2002. Web. 6 Nov. 2004. 11- When citing Amnesty International or Human Rights Watch Cite them as a website: “Growing calls for end to executions at the UN.” Amnesty International.org. Amnesty International, 18 December. Web. 8 July 2009.

11. Sample MLA Works-Cited Page: Works-Cited  Barrera, Rebeca M.”A Case for Bilingual Education.” Scholastic Parent and Child Nov-Dec. 2004:72-73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb 2013. Brummitt, Chris. “Indonesia Food Needs Expected to Soar.” Boston Globe 1 Feb 2005, evening ed., sec. A:7. Lexis Nexis. Web. 12 February 2013. Diamond, James. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. Print. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standard. Washington D.C., 2006. Web. 24 Jan 2013. Ong, Walter J. “Writing Restructures Consciousness.” Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing Word. London: Methuen, New Accents, 1982. 77-94. Print. Ryan, Katy. “Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison’s Fiction.” African American Review 30.1 (2000): 389-412. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb 2013.

12. What is APA? • APA Stands for American Psychological Association which calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete documentation in a list of works cited at the end of your text. This style is used in is used in Education, Psychology, and the Sciences. 

13. APA General Tips: • With APA in-text citations, you include the author’s last name and the year of publication of the work in parentheses. Ex. (Levin, 2003). • When quoting, you put the date of publication after the author’s name and put the page in parentheses as close to the quotation as possible: McCullough (2001) described John Adams as having “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and …” (p.18). John Adams had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood,” according to McCullough (2001, p.18). Note: In APA, you add (p.) in parentheses, unlike MLA citation.

14. Paraphrase: When paraphrasing using APA, you put the date in parentheses after the author’s name; follow the date with the page no. McCullough (2001, p.18) described John Adams as those of someone used to manual labor. Author paraphrased or summarized: One biographer (McCullough, 2001, p. 18) described John Adams as someone who wasn’t a stranger to manual labor. • Note: If the name of the author is unknown, you can use the title of the work. If the title is long, use the first few words of the title as it appears in the works-cited page, followed by the date of publication. Italicize if it is a book.

15. Works-Cited: • Just like in MLA citation, you must include a proper works cited page. You need to center the title References and arrange the entries in an alphabetical order. You should not use bullets or numbers to arrange the entries. Note the Following: • Include only the author’s full last name followed by the initials. If you have up to six authors, you need to invert the author’s last name first, followed by the initials. • Then, you include the date in parentheses. If more than one date is given, use the most recent one. • Capitalize only the first word, first proper nouns and first proper adjectives in titles and subtitles. • Give city followed by state or province or country. Omit state, province or country for larger known cities, such as London, New York, Tokyo. • Use a shortened form of the publisher’s name, but retain Association, Books, and Press.

16. Here are some APA Entries: 1- Book with One Author: Roszak, T. (1986). The cult of information: The folklore of computers and the true art of thinking. New York: Pantheon Books. 2- Book Chapter: Ong, W. J. (1982). Writing restructures consciousness. In Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. (pp. 77-94). London: New Accents. 3- Work in a Collection or Anthology: Lockard, J. (1996). Progressive politics, electronic individualism and the myth of virtual community. In David Porter (Ed.), Internet Culture (pp.219-31). NY: Routledge.

17. 4 - Work in an Anthology with Editors: Gruber, S. (2001). The rhetorics of three women activist groups on the Web: Building and transforming communities. In L. Gray-Rosendale and S. Gruber (Eds.), Alternative Rhetorics: Challenges to the Rhetorical Tradition (pp. 77-92). Albany, NY: State U of New York P. 5- Scholarly Article through a Database: Author’s last name, initials. (Date). Title of article. Journal title. Volume (issue). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Name of database White, D.E. (1999). The dissenting public sphere. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 32 (4). Retrieved March 3, 2002, from Project Muse database. 6- Article from an Online Journal: Ashe, D.D., & McCutcheon L.E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6, 124-13. Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/grpproc/crisp/crisp.html.

18. 6- Article from a Website: Naber, N., Desouky, E., & Baroudi, L. (2001). The forgotten ‘—ism’: an arab american women’s perspective on zionism, racism and sexism. The UN world conference on racism, South Africa. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20050306042931/http://www.awsa.net/Positionpaper.htm/. 7- Article from a Magazine: Include the URL for the magazine’s homepage: Shelburne, E.C. (2008, September). The great disruption. The Atlantic, 302(2). Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/ 8- Article in an Online Newspaper: Rubin, J. (2005, January 22). Report faults charter schools. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/

19. 9- Government Publication: U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2008, August). U.S. international trade in goods and services (Report No. CB08-121, BEA09, FT-900). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/2008pr/06/ftdpress.pdf 10- An Organization Publication: Ford Foundation. (n.d.). Helping citizens to understand and influence state budgets. Retrieved from http://www.fordfound.org/pdfs/impact/eveluations/state_fiscal_initiative.pdf

20. Sample Works-Cited Page/APA: References Nakamura, L. (2008). Digitizing race: visual cultures of the internet. MN: University of Minnesota Press. Odom, J. (2014). Identification, consubstantiality, interval, and temporality: Luce Irigaray and the possibilities for rhetoric (pp. 230-248). In M. Ballif (Ed.). Re/Framing identifications. IL: Waveland Press. Plato. (2001). Gorgias. In P. Bizzell, & B. Herzberg (Eds.), The rhetorical tradition: readings from classical times to the present (pp. 87-138) (2nd ed). MA: Bedford/St Martins. Punday, D. (2000). The narrative construction of cyberspace: reading neuromancer, reading cyberspace debates. College English, 63(2), 194-213. Quintilian. (2001). Institutes of oratory. In P. Bizzell, & B. Herzberg (Eds.), The rhetorical tradition: readings from classical times to the present (pp. 364-428) (2nd ed.). MA: Bedford/St Martins. Reynolds, N. (1993). Ethos as location: new sites for understanding discursive authority. Rhetoric Review, 11(2), 325-338.