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УСКОРИТЕЛИ ЗАРЯЖЕННЫХ ЧАСТИЦ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков

УСКОРИТЕЛИ ЗАРЯЖЕННЫХ ЧАСТИЦ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике "Введение в Теорию Фундаментальных Взаимодействий" Дубна, 26 января – 5 февраля 2008 г. Лекция I. 26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP

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УСКОРИТЕЛИ ЗАРЯЖЕННЫХ ЧАСТИЦ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков

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  1. УСКОРИТЕЛИ ЗАРЯЖЕННЫХ ЧАСТИЦ В ФИЗИКЕВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике "Введение в Теорию Фундаментальных Взаимодействий" Дубна, 26 января – 5 февраля 2008 г. Лекция I

  2. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna • Лекция I • Содержание • Введение: … из истории физики "субядерных" частиц…ускорители – главное оружие экспериментальной ядерной физики… • "Битва Гигантов" • 3. Эра встречных пучков • 4. Битва гигантов продолжается • 5. e+e-коллайдеры – шаг вперёд

  3. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Введение: …из истории физики "субядерных" частиц… "субядерных" 1995 1895

  4. Введение: …из истории физики "субядерных" частиц… 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna The Beginning of Accelerator Physics of Microworld 1895, Konrad Röntgen: Discovery of X-rays  photon! 1897, Josef John Thomson: Discovery of electron!

  5. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 1931, R.Van-der-Graaf: electrostatic accelerator 1932, J.D.Cockroft & E.T.S.Walton: electrostatic accelerator ("cascade voltage multiplier") 1932, James Chadwick: Discovery of neutron! p + 7Li   + 

  6. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Universe as an Accelerator ("Нерукотворный ускоритель") 1912, Victor Hess: he has found in experiment with 3 electrometers carried out in a free balloon flight up to an altitude of 5300 meters that the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level. He concluded :"The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above" . It was Discovery of what came to be called "cosmic rays".

  7. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Universe as an Accelerator (Contnd) 1932, Carl D. Anderson: Discovery of positron (by passing cosmic rays through a "Wilson chamber" with lead plate surrounded by a magnet to distinguish the particles charge) Dm.Vl.Skobeltsyn missed his chance… Beginning of "the competition" of accelerators with cosmic rays!

  8. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Advance in Accelerators 1929-1932, Ernest O. Lawrence: Invention of the resonance acceleration method Construction of first cyclotron and first resonance linear accelerator

  9. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Cosmic Rays do step forward ! 1936, Carl D. Anderson again: Discovery of "mesotron" Yukawa particle? (Hideki Yukawa, 1935) No!  -meson  muon

  10. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) V. I. Veksler E.McMillan V. I. Veksler & E. McMillan JINR, June 1958 But (!)… they missed Nobel prize! 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Break-through in Accelerators 1944 Vladimir I.Veksler (USSR) 1945 Edwin McMillan (USA) Invention of the Phase stability principle – - the basic principle of resonance acceleration ! Construction of first electron synchrotron (V.I.Veksler) and first synchrocyclotron (E.McMillan) Important for advancing to high energy accelerators and high energy physics on accelerators

  11. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) Pic du Midi, 2877 m Pic Chacaltaya, 5421 m 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Cosmic rays are progressing ! 1947, C.Powell, C.Lattes and G.Occhialini: Discovery of pion with photographic emulsion exposed at 2877 m (Pic du Midi de Bigorre, Pyrenees) and at 5421 (Pic Chacaltaya in Bolivian Andes) 1947, G.D.Rochester and G.Butler: Discovery of 0 hyperon (1115,63  2350 MeV) Discovery of K-mesons, or Kaons: m(K+) = m(K-) = 493.67 MeV, m(KS0)  m(KL0)= 497.67 MeV

  12. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna The Doubts and The Hopes The Doubts:Uncertainties in cosmic rays experimental studies ! (sad known story of "Varitrons" – - see Uspekhi Phys. Nauk v.61 №2 (1950)) The Hopes: Advance in accelerator technique   1st step - synchrocyclotrons

  13. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 1947, E.O.Lawrence,E.McMillan: Berkeley Synchrocyclotron 184 inches (4.7 m), d 200 MeV,  400 MeV (100 MeV/amu) 1949 Dubna Synchrocyclotron

  14. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) Igor V. Kurchatov andVenedict P. Dzhelepov Mikhail Gr. Mescheryakov Phasotron upgrade: renewed transfer line (2002) Cancer therapy Muon-catalysis Pion & muon physics Nuclear physics 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Synchrocyclotron “Phasotron” The First Accelerator in Dubna 1949 d 280 MeV  p 480 MeV 1984 p 680 MeV  201?

  15. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 1948, Lattes and E. Gardner: first artificial production of pions at Berkeley Synchrocyclotron:  + 12C  ++ X Beginning of the 50th, pion physics at Dubna Synchrocyclotron

  16. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Since that time accelerators became The Main Tool of High Energy Physics Majority of experimental results of fundamental character has been obtained both in particle, and nuclear physics at accelerators.

  17. Introduction: …from History of Subnuclear Particle Physics… (Contnd) And what about neutrinos? "The Third Way" (nuclear reactor) 1930, W.Pauli Theoretic prediction: 1956, C.Cowan, F.Reines et al. Experimental proof: registration of direct interaction of electron antineutrinos from nuclear reactor with nucleons of a target in reaction e + p  n + e+ ~ 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna ~

  18. 2. The Battle of Giants 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna E.McMillan & E.Lofgren on the shielding of the Bevatron 1953 (1948)  1968The Cosmotron – proton synchrotron at Brookhaven Nat. Lab., USA),3.3 GeV; the first accelerator with extraction of the particle beam  meson physics 1955  1993 The Bevatron - proton synchrotronat Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab.(USA), 6.3 GeV ("Billions of eV")  the first dedicated accelerator: Discovery of antiproton (E.Segre & O.Chamberlain, 1955)

  19. 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 1957  2001The Synchrophasotron proton synchrotron at JINR, USSR, 10 GeV; C = 251 m Various problems in particle physics, 1960 V.I.Veksler et al.: Discovery of - 1970th A.M.Baldin: Relativistic nuclear physics The Synchrophasotron was the last weak focusing synchrotron: magnet of 36 000 tons

  20. ’Grand mother (babushka), why is a synchrotron so large…?’ 'Just because pc = eB’ 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) For instance, Synchrophasotron: pc  E = 10 GeV, B = 1.6 T (iron!)   = 21 m

  21. 'And why is it so heavy?’ 'Because nobody believed yet in strong focusing principle!…' 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) … proposed already! *) The project of Synchrophasotron was started ~ in 1950 ("Die erste kolonne marschiert…", L.Tolstoi)

  22. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) The Next Break-Through in Accelerator Technique - -The Strong Focusing Principle N.Kristofilos (1950, not published) E.Courant, M.Livingston & H.Snyder (1952)

  23. PS AGS 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) First Strong Focusing Proton Synchrotrons 1959 PS ("Proton Synchrotron"), CERN 26 GeV 1960 AGS ("Alternating Gradient Synchrotron"), Brookhaven Lab., USA28 GeV

  24. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) July 1973 PS CERN: Direct evidence of the weak neutral current Neutrinos are generated with p-beam from PS and bombard the liquid in the bubble chamber Gargamelle. Such events are called neutral current, because neutral Z0 boson transfers interaction.

  25. L.Lederman, M.Schwartz and J.Steinberger 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) AGSBrookhaven National Laboratory: 1962, Discovery of the muon-neutrino,

  26. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) The Quark Model 1964 M.Gell-Mann & G.Zweig Hypothesis of quark structure of adrons u and d quarks  nucleons s-quark  K-mesons (Kaons) discovered even in 1947

  27. U-70 Yuri Dm.Prokoshkin 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) 1967 U-70 (Proton Synchrotron), IHEP, Protvino, USSR 76 GeV 1971Discovery of "The Serpukhov Effect": Growth of total cross section of strong interaction with energy in the energy range of 25 – 65 GeV (K-mesons x nucleons). Yu.D.Prokoshkin, S.P.Denisov et al.

  28. Booster U-1.5 Development plans: p­ U-70 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) 2008 U-70 Today U-70 today: Energy 70 (76) GeV Intensity 1.5×1013 / 10 s Proton Synchrotron U-1.5 Energy 1.5 GeV Intensity 8×1011 p/s Repetition rate 20 (16.7) Hz

  29. SPS John Adams in PS control room "High Rise" – Symbol of Fermilab 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) 1972 "Main Ring" (Proton Synchrotron) Fermilab, USA 200  500 GeV (1976) CRing = 6.28 km 1976 SPS ("SuperProton Synchrotron") CERN 400 GeV

  30. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 2. The Battle of Giants (contnd) Three "Elephants" in HEP SPS, Main Ring, U-70

  31. 3. Era of Colliding Beams 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna "… A word was first…" 1956, D.W.Kerst et al., – The First Idea Fixed target experiment Colliding beams

  32. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (Contnd) And what is a profit? And what is a problem? An example: Fixed target E1 = 100 GeV/u An equivalent: Colliding beams (E1)kin = (Ekin)2 = 8.8 MeV/u 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Luminosity!

  33. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (Contnd) Colliding beams Fixed target 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna What is "Luminosity"? The experiment (accelerator) characteristics: parameter equal to number of events per sec when interaction cross sectiron is 1 cm2. N1, N2 – particle number in colliding beams, S – beam cross section (cm2), f – particle revolution frequency (s-1), n0 - target density (cm-3), l – target thickness (cm), dN/dt - particle flux bombarding the target (s-1).

  34. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna Typical luminosity range 1025 1034 cm-2s-1 Integral luminosity: L·dt 1 b = 10-24 cm2 1 b-1 = 1024 cm-2 1 pb-1 = 1·1036 cm-2, 1 fb-1 = 1·1039 cm-2.

  35. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (Contnd) 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna G.Budker and A.Skrinsky One day in the beginning of the 60th… (Novosibirsk) …One head is good… …but two ones are much better!

  36. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (Contnd) Storage rings Synchrotron B2-S electron beam "image" in synchrotron radiation (betatron resonance) Pioneers of colliding beams From the left to the right: G.Kulipanov, S.Popov, A.Skrinsky, G.Tumaykin 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna First e-e- collider VEP-1 (INP, Novosibirsk) 2 x 160 MeV, L = 31027 cm-2s-1

  37. 1st ring 2nd ring Wolfgang ("Pief") Panofsky 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) Meanwhile in California… 2 x 500 MeV Princeton-Stanford group: G. K. O'Neill, B.Richter et al. The only remaining piece of the Princeton-Stanford Electron-Electron Collider is a stainless steel bowl - the vacuum chamber in the machine's collision region.

  38. 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) 1965 Simultaneous Triumph: HEP Conference in Frascati (Italy) Both groups reported of results of first experiments performed at first e-e-colliders. Test of QED at small distances: xp  ħ VEP-1: p  2E/c = 2160 MeV/c x ~ (6.5810-16/2160106)31010 ~ 510-14 cm A propos, today: LEP2  2E = 2110 GeV, x ~ 110-16 cm

  39. “- peak” F2 40 30 20 10 0 m = 764  0.15 MeV k = 0.59  0.15  = 93  15 MeV 600 700 800 900 1000 2E [MeV] 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) VEPP-2 at INP, Novosibirsk The First e+e- Collider 2 x 700 MeV, L = 21028 cm-2s-1 The Beginning of Physics at e+e- colliders

  40. AGS Brookhaven National Laboratory: SPEAR SLAC 1974 Discovery of -meson (B.Richter et al.) 1974 Discovery of J-meson (S.Ting et al.) Samuel Ting 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) J/, or The Story of One Discovery

  41. J/, or The Story of One Discovery (Contnd) Stanford Positron-Electron Asymmetric Ring, e+e-, 2 x 3 GeV m(J/)  3.097 GeV 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd)

  42. And what about The USSR? AGS SPEAR U-70 VEPP-3 If one would propose! If one would know! 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) J/, or The Story of One Discovery (Contnd)

  43. + + e+  e- - e- ~ ~ e  Martin Perl Receives The Nobel Prize 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) The Next Success at SPEAR 1975 M.Perl Discovery of-lepton 

  44. 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) The Next Success at SPEAR (Contnd) From the discovery of -leptonimmediately follows an evident conclusion of an associated neutrino existence. +  + e+  e- - First evidence for this third neutrino type came from the observation of missing energy and momentum in tau decays (analogous to the beta decay leading to the discovery of the e-neutrino). e- ~ ~ e  26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna

  45. ? 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 3. Era of Colliding Beams (contnd) 1974 – 1975 Quark model's progress

  46. Leon Lederman Robert Wilson 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 4. The Battle of Giants continues Success at "Main Ring" - the next achivement of fixed target experiments 1977Discovery of  and ' mesons 1977Discovery of b-quark 1981 "Run for Lederman"

  47. ? 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 4. The Battle of Giants continues Discovery of b-quark was the next achivement of fixed target experiments

  48. 4. The Battle of Giants continues Robert Wilson's sculpture 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna

  49. 5. e+e- Colliders - The Step Forward And how did you manage it? _ 1979 e+e- collider PETRA s = 14  46 GeV The first experimental evidence for gluons 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna

  50. _ 1979 e+e- collider PETRA s = 14  46 GeV 3 jet events - the first experimental evidence for gluons h ? Two h-jets event Three h-jets event h e+ e+ h h e- e- g h h h h h 26 January – 5 February2008 I.MeshkovParticle Acelerators in HEP The VIth Winter Schoolof Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 5. e+e- Colliders - The Step Forward (Contnd)

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