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Data Gathering

Data Gathering. Purpose: To collect sufficient, relevant and appropriate data to develop a set of stable requirements Data: Tasks performed Goals Context Rationale for status quo. Data gathering techniques. Interviews Focus Groups and workshops Questionnaires Naturalistic Observation

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Data Gathering

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  1. Data Gathering • Purpose: • To collect sufficient, relevant and appropriate data to develop a set of stable requirements • Data: • Tasks performed • Goals • Context • Rationale for status quo

  2. Data gathering techniques • Interviews • Focus Groups and workshops • Questionnaires • Naturalistic Observation • Studying Documentation

  3. Choosing between techniques

  4. Some basic data gathering guidelines • Focus on stakeholders’ needs • Involve all stakeholder groups • Involve multiple representatives from each group • Use a combination of techniques • Support sessions with props • Run a pilot session • Know what you’re looking for • Record the session carefully (video/audio?)

  5. Data interpretation and analysis • There are a variety of methodologies for describing the data and diagramming for analysis • Bottom line: find a method which is comfortable for you and your organization • Develop templates so that all members of your organization are using the same method

  6. Task Description • Much of the data gathered will consist of descriptions of tasks performed by users • Now (old system) • Future (new system) • Important to consider alternative ways to capture this information

  7. Scenarios • An “informal narrative description” • Describes human activities or tasks in a story • Using vocabulary of the user • Relatively unstructured • Often the way users will describe a task • User’s task orientation – not necessarily technology • Caution: are they saying what they really do, or what they SHOULD do?

  8. Use Cases • Emphasis on user-system interaction, rather than user’s task itself • Identify “actors”, then capture the actors goals • Define the “normal course” through the use case, numbering the steps • Then identify alternative courses, with numbers corresponding to steps replaced

  9. Essential Use Cases • Tries to combine best of both Scenarios and Use Cases • More general than scenarios (i.e. abstract) • Avoid system assumptions of use cases

  10. Task Analysis • A form of analysis developed to understand cognitive processes • Historically used in human factors engineering to evaluate training needs and incremental workplace improvements • Readily applied to human/computer interaction

  11. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) • Break a task down into subtasks, recursively • Group subtasks together as “plans” that specify how they might actually be performed • Focuses on physical and observable actions, including those not related to technology • Starts with a user goal, and tasks associated with achieving it

  12. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 1.1 Cook Rice 1.2 Prepare Vinegar 1.3 Mix and Cool Example: Making sushi Make Makisushi

  13. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 2.1 Slice Avocado 2.2 Slice Cucumber 2.3 Cut Scallions 2.4 Slice Daikon Example Make Makisushi

  14. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 3.1 Slice Salmon 3.2 Slice Tuna 3.3 Prepare Prawns 3.3.1 Steam Prawns 3.3.2 Flay Prawns Example Make Makisushi

  15. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 4.1 Rice on Nori 4.2 Ingred on Rice 4.3 Roll with Mat 4.4 Slice Rolls Example Make Makisushi

  16. HTA (cont’d) • Tasks within a level are not necessarily performed sequentially • Could be any order, or even be concurrent

  17. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 3.1 Slice Salmon 3.2 Slice Tuna 3.3 Prepare Prawns 3.3.1 Steam Prawns 3.3.2 Flay Prawns Make Makisushi e.g. Can cook rice while preparing veggies

  18. HTA (cont’d) • Tasks within a level are not necessarily performed sequentially • Could be any order, or even be concurrent • Tasks are best numbered to facilitate documentation and reference

  19. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 3.1 Slice Salmon 3.2 Slice Tuna 3.3 Prepare Prawns 3.3.1 Steam Prawns 3.3.2 Flay Prawns Make Makisushi

  20. HTA (cont’d) • Tasks within a level are not necessarily performed sequentially • Could be any order, or even be concurrent • Tasks are best numbered to facilitate documentation and reference • Tasks are decomposed until they are “atomic” • Not readily decomposed further • Relatively simple and easy to understand • Things needed to complete the task can be identified

  21. 1 Make Rice 2 Prepare Veggies 3 Prepare Fish 4 Make Rolls 3.1 Slice Salmon 3.2 Slice Tuna 3.3 Prepare Prawns 3.3.1 Steam Prawns 3.3.2 Flay Prawns Make Makisushi e.g. Just need a knife

  22. Needs Assessment Exercise • In groups, choose one person to be the “user” • Gather data about how that person looks for an apartment • Write down a hierarchical task analysis

  23. Exercise Discussion • Which method or combination of data gathering methods did you use? • Why?

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