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Energy in Marine Ecosystems: Marine Food Chains

Energy in Marine Ecosystems: Marine Food Chains. Begins with the primary producer s They are autotrophs (‘self’-‘feeders’ ) - Organism capable of making organic compounds,

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Energy in Marine Ecosystems: Marine Food Chains

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  1. Energy in Marine Ecosystems:Marine Food Chains Begins with the primaryproducers They are autotrophs (‘self’-‘feeders’) - Organism capable of making organic compounds, Photoautotrophs, such as plants,use solar energy to help make these compounds in a process known as photosynthesis.

  2. Primary producers are consumed by primaryconsumers • Primary consumers , are heterotrophs(‘other’-‘feeders’)- Organisms incapable of making organic compounds from inorganic material, they obtain their nutrition by consuming autotrophs and derive energy through respiration. • Primary consumers are consumed by secondary consumers, a.k.a. tertiaryproducers. • And so on…Food chains vary in length.

  3. Capture and Flow of Energy The flow of energy through living systems. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

  4. The Cycling of Matter The cycling of matter through living systems. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

  5. Food Chains • Food Chain- Energy and matter move from one organism to another as each eats a lower member and, in turn, is eaten by a higher member

  6. Figure 10.11

  7. Trophic Levels • Each ‘link’ in the food chain is called a trophic level. (troph means food) • 1st =Primary Producer • Ex: plants, algae • 2nd = Primary Consumer • Ex: Grazer, herbivores • 3rd = Secondary Consumer • Ex: Carnivores • 4th = Tertiary Consumer, etc… • At each level, detrivores and decomposers are turning biomass into nutrients

  8. Food Web • Because organisms consume at various trophic levels, it is really more like a web, not a chain.

  9. Figure 10.13

  10. Antarctic Ocean Food Web Diatoms, and other primary producers, convert the energy from the sun into food used by the rest of the oceanic community. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

  11. Ecological Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids • About 90% of biomass is lost when transferred from between trophic levels • Ecological efficiency= 10% • As trophic levels increase, biomass decreases • Why there are more squirrels than wolves in the world

  12. Ecological Pyramid 3° Cons. 1 g 2° Consumers 10 g Primary Consumers 100 g Primary Producers 1000 g Biomass

  13. Figure 10.14b

  14. Figure 10.14a

  15. Feeding Relationships © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

  16. Figure 15.02

  17. Pelagic Primary ProducersPhytoplankton- Diatoms

  18. Pelagic Primary Consumer

  19. Pelagic Primary ConsumerLarvacean

  20. Holoplankton

  21. Holoplankton- Jelly

  22. Meroplankton

  23. Nekton

  24. Primary Productivity Oceanic productivity is measured in gC/ m2/yr. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

  25. Global Primary Production

  26. Global Productivity

  27. Figure 15.25b

  28. Continental Shelf Richest part of the ocean, with the world's most important fishing grounds Extends from the subtidal to the shelf break, the outer edge of the continental shelf where depths drastically increase The average depth is around 150 m Varies in width from less than 1 km to over 750 km.

  29. Important characteristics to organisms • Relatively shallow • Temps vary more here than in the deeper ocean • Affected by waves, currents and storms • Tides can cause particularly strong tidal currents • Wind waves can affect to 200m • Turbulence prevents stratification • Therefore more productive than the open ocean • Close to land • Rivers discharge into this zone of the ocean, bringing nutrients, phytoplankton and sediment • These combine to make the water murkier than farther offshore. Murkier water means light doesn't penetrate as deeply, reducing the euphotic zone depth.

  30. Figure 13.05

  31. Soft-Bottom Organisms

  32. The Epipelagic The pelagic realm of the ocean describes the vast, open ocean. The epipelagic realm is the upper part of this environment. Depths only to about 200m Corresponds to the depth of the euphotic zone Euphotic depth the depth below which where there is no longer enough light for organisms to grow. Divided into coastal, or neritic waters that lie over the continental shelf, and oceanic waters.

  33. Epipelagic Food Web

  34. Seasonal Productivity-Tropics

  35. Seasonal Productivity- Temperate

  36. Seasonal Productivity- Polar

  37. CO 12

  38. Figure 12.01

  39. Figure 12.11

  40. Figure 12.12

  41. Figure 12.13a

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