«Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия»

1. «Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия» Water Quality Management and Community Involvement in IWRM 25th June, 2013 Eng. Ahmed AbouElseoud Water Resources Management Expert

2. Water Pollution • Waterpollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organism or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. • It is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

3. Where do Water pollutants come from? • Point Sources – A single definable source of the pollution, e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated.

4. Where do Water pollutants come from? • Non-point sources – No one single source, but a wide range of sources. • Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control.

5. Sources of Water pollution

6. Sources of Water Pollution • Industrial Sector • Agriculture • Sewage Pollution • Garbage and Floating Debris • Oil Spell and Navigation Pollution • Fish Cages • Thermal pollution

7. Types of Water pollutants • Degradable • Non-Degradable

8. Non-persistent (degradable) Water pollutants • Domestic sewage • Fertilizers • Some industrial wastes The Environmental damage is reversible

9. Persistent Water pollutants • some pesticides (e.g., DDT, dieldrin) • some leachate components from landfill sites (municipal, industrial) • petroleum and petroleum products • PCBs, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) • radioactive materials • metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium

10. Persistent Water pollutants • This is the most rapidly growing type of pollution • it includes substances that degrade very slowly or cannot be broken down at all The damage they cause is either irreversible or repairable only over decades or centuries

11. Plastic waste in water Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal areas kills up to: • 100,000 marine mammals, • 1 million sea birds, and • countless fish.

12. Acid rain • Acid rain includes rain, sleet or snow with a pH level that falls below 5.6 (normal rainwater).

13. Freshwater Species Population Index Source: Living Planet Report, WWF 2002 Freshwater Biodiversity More than 20% of freshwater fish species have become extinct, threatened or endangered. In North America 67% of mussels, 37% freshwater fish, and 40% of amphibians are threatened or have become extinct.

14. How do we measure water quality?

15. Objectives of the Water Quality Monitoring Program • For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritization; • To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies; • To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence; • To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time; • To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control; • To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants. • To assess the suitability of water for different uses

16. What do we measure? • Fecal Coliform/Coliform • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) • Temperature • Turbidity/Total Suspended Solids (TSS) • Heavy metals, (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium) • Carbon dioxide • Nitrite • Salinity • Ammonia • Chlorine • Iron • Selenium • Hardness • Sulfate and Sulfite • Methane • Conductivity/Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) • Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing • Capacity (ANC) Color Odor • Synthetic organics (e.g., pesticides, PCBs)

17. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONS • Water intake point - community water supply. • Large/medium polluting industries or cluster of SSI. • Bathing water. • Source of river – (reference point). • D/S of large irrigated areas. • Low flow stretches. • D/S of big cities. • D/S of Water abstraction Structures • U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers. • Inter-state boundaries.

18. Field Measurements - Electric Conductivity (EC)dS/m - Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l - PH - Turbidity NTU/FTU - Transparency m - Temperature C  - Water Flow Rate m3/sec - Smell 1,2,3,4,5 - Color1,2,3,4,5

19. Water Quality Monitoring 1. Sampling

20. Water Quality monitoring 2. Samples preservation and transfer

21. Water Quality Monitoring 3. Field Measurements

22. Water Quality Monitoring 3. Field Measurements

23. Water Quality Monitoring Continuous Monitoring Systems

24. Biomonitoring the study of biological organisms and their responses to environmental conditions; can be fish, algae or insect communities

25. Why study macroinvertebrates? • Affected by the physical, chemical and biological conditions of stream • Can’t escape pollution - show the effects of short and long-term pollution events • Can show the cumulative impacts of pollution • May show the impacts of habitat loss

26. Why study macroinvertebrates? • Critical part of the stream’s food web • Relatively easy to sample and identify (easier than algae) • Have greater diversity in stream than fish - sport fishing, stocking of fish and exotic species have altered fish community

27. IDENTIFICATION

28. Key identification features • Overall body shape (NOT SIZE) • Case made of sticks, leaves, stone • Legs • Presence and location of gills • Presence and location of cerci (“tails”) • Head capsule, unusual appendages • Movement (crawl; swim side-to-side, up-down)

29. Range of Tolerance

30. Assessing the Biological Status • According to the WFD, the biologicalstatus of surface water is to be assessed using: • the elements phytoplankton, • other aquatic flora, • macroinvertebratesand fish fauna. • The preliminary assessments of ecological status should be based on the most sensitive quality elements with respect to the existingphysical alterations. • Effectsresulting from other impacts should be excluded as far as possible.

31. Designing with Water

32. Rainwater Harvesting = Collect rainwater from building roofs to use for other purposes instead of losing as runoff • Been around for thousands of years • Currently used all over the world, from • Haiti to the Berkeley hills

33. Low Cost Roofwater A house with a 1,000 sq. ft. roof could yield 600 gallons of rainwater from a one inch rainfall A = (catchment area of building) R = (inches of rain) G = (total amount of collected rainwater) (A) x (R) x (600 gallons) / 1000 = (G)

34. Domestic Uses • In the US each person uses approximately 150 gallons of water per day • bath - 3-40 gallons • shower - 5 gallons per minute

35. Water Conservation = Technologies or ideas that can be used to reduce the amount of water consumed per person • Household level • Residential use ~75% of urban demand • 60% of residential use is indoors Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

36. Efficient Toilets • 40% of household water used in toilets • Conventional toilets use 3.5 – 5 gallons per flush • Alternatives • Toilet displacement devices • Low flow: 1.6 gpf • Cascading toilets: use water from sink to flush • Composting toilets: little to no water used • Energy Policy Act of 1992 - new home use toilets must operate on 1.6 gallons per flush or less Sources: Alexander, 2003; EPA, 2003; Oasis Design, 2003.

37. Composting Toilets Phoenix, Inc.

38. Showers • 30% of household water used in showers • Water consumption • Standard: 4.5 gpm • Low-flow: 2.5 gpm • Ultra low-flow: 1.5 gpm • Low-flow showerheads cost ~$5 and can save 20,000 gallons/year in a 4 person household Source: EPA, 2003.

39. Other household water uses • Other appliances with low-flow alternatives • Faucets = 5% of total indoor household use • Washing machines = 20% of total • Dish washers = up to 5% of total • Save water and energy required to heat “extra” water Source: EPA, 2003.

41. What is Greywater? • = Water that has been used in the home, except water from toilets (blackwater). • Dish, shower, sink and laundry water comprise 50-80% of residential wastewater

42. Total Greywater= 59% Source: USEPA 1992

43. Source: Home Energy Magazine Online, July/August 1995.

44. Integrated Solutions

45. Eco Roofs • Green roofs, or eco-roofs, are roofs that are entirely or partially covered with vegetation and soils. • Eco-roofs have been popular in Europe for decades and have grown in popularity in the U.S. Recently as they provide multiple environmental benefits. • Eco-roofs improve water quality by filtering contaminants as the runoff flows through the growing medium or through direct plant uptake. • Studies have shown reduced concentrations of suspended solids, copper, zinc, and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) from eco-roof runoff.

47. An intensive eco-roof may consist of shrubs and small trees planted in deep soil (more than 6 inches) arranged with walking paths and seating areas and often provide access for people. • In contrast, an extensive eco-roof includes shallow layers (less than 6 inches) of low-growing vegetation and is more appropriate for roofs with structural limitations. • Both categories of eco-roofs include engineered soils as a growing medium, subsurface drainage piping, and a waterproof membrane to protect the roof structure. D e s i g n D e t a i l s

48. Bioretention Planters • Bioretention is the use of plants, engineered soils, and a rock sub-base to slow, store, and remove pollutants from stormwater runoff.

49. Role of Water Users Organization Project: Environmental Component • Determine the Scope of Environmental Management at WUO level • Awareness Raising on Environmental problems • Training in Simple Water Quality Monitoring • Capacity Building to Resolve Environmental Issues • Develop Local Systems for SWM • Develop Local Sewage Treatment Systems • Develop Initiatives for Studies and Experiments at WUO level

50. FaWUOP: Environment Program • Objective: • To enhance the Environmental Situation in and around Water Resources • Outputs: • Water Quality Monitoring program in Place • BCWUAs Capacity is raised • Cooperation with Local Units by WUOs to solve Environmental Problems