A Study of Exploration & Empire

1. A Study of Exploration & Empire Presentation Created by Ronna Buckley

2. In the 1300s Europe depended on spices from Asia & India.

3. Why did they need spices?

4. There was no refrigeration~ • The spices masked the scent & taste of the rancid meat • They had no deodorant & they used the spices as perfume • Some spices were used as medicines

5. If they could find a way around the Muslims,They could get the spices they needed & save some money, too! • Europeans were Christian & did not like giving their money to Muslims

6. Ships that wouldn’t get swallowed up by the oceanWith a new design! • This began the age of exploration! • Exploration required new technology: Accurate Maps & Tools Training in Navigation

7. The Chinese invention of the compass showed the direction of magnetic north.

8. The Arabs improved an invention called the astrolabe • The Astrolabe measured the altitude of the sun, moon, planets and stars.

9. Mapmakers called cartographers were unaware of North & South America • A mapmaker named Ptolemy made many of the inaccurate maps for explorers.

10. No one knew that tribes of Native Americans were living In a New World not even recorded on European Maps

11. We shouldn’t judge Ptolemy too harshly. He could only rely on the stories the men aboard ships brought back to him. There were no satellites to help Ptolemy recognize North & South America

12. Ptolemy developed a grid system of longitude & latitude lines which we still use today. Latitude: Lines run East and West Longitude: Lines run north and south! Text

13. A New Ship • Portugal created a ship called a caravel. • It had a shallow bottom • This allowed it to travel far from the shore & return to shallow water, too!

14. Instead of one large sail, the caravel had many masts with several smaller triangular shaped sails.

15. Rather than just oars, the caravel hadA movable rear rudder!This helped to steer the ship.

16. Portugal Leads The Way • A Portuguese sailor named Bartholomeu Dias sailed to the southern tip of Africa. Now, the Muslims could be bypassed to get spices from Asia.

17. The Tip of Africa Passageway Became Known asThe Cape of Good Hope Bartholomeu Dias

18. Bartholomeu Dias found The Cape of Good Hope, but the first European to actually sail all the way around Africa & reach Asia was Vasco Da Gama

19. Sail West • Spain’s Quest for Riches An Italian named Christopher Columbus believed he could find another way to get to Asia. He wouldn’t sail around Africa. He would sail west to find Asia.

20. Columbus finally convinced Spain’s King & Queen to finance his exploration! King Ferdinand Queen Isabella

21. In 1492, Columbus sailed from Spain with three ships. Two of the ships, the Niña and the Pinta were small caravels. The third ship, the Santa Maria, was larger, and was captained by Columbus. The ships were from 15 to 36 meters long.

22. Columbus touched land on an island of the Bahamas. He thought he was in India, so he called the people Indians. Columbus died still believing he had found a new route to Asia. He Was Lost!

23. Many People Argue that Columbus didn’t discover anything! What do you think?

24. AMER I GO VESPUCC I • Amerigo Vespucci realized he was in a New World rather than Asia. • It wasn’t until 1507 that another Italian explorer discovered Columbus had been wrong! • The new continents began to be drawn into the maps as cartographers heard the news! The Cartographers began to write the name America on the maps in honor of the man who discovered them.

25. Spain had sent Columbus to explore • Portugal had sent Vespucci to explore • Both countries wanted a claim in the New World • They went to the Pope for help

26. Age of Exploration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVD6f20OG9w Click to view (wear your head phones)

27. The pope drew an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole • This imaginary line was called The Line of Demarcation

28. Spain owned everything to the west of the Line of Demarcation • Portugal owned all the land to the east of this Line of Demarcation Spain & Portugal signed a treaty agreeing to the terms of the Line of Demarcation---------The Treaty of Tordesillas

29. No one recognized the Treaty of Tordesillas except for Spain & Portugal. Dividing the World Was Not Going to be as easy as Signing a Treaty!

30. Click link to watch the video clip about the Treaty Of Tordisillas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pzudWS7kVU

31. Voyage of Magellan 1517 • Ferdinand Magellan was from Portugal, but he was sailing for the Spanish. • Magellan’s mission was to try to find a western route to Asia. • Magellan began his voyage with 5 ships

32. Three of the ships attempted mutiny • Two captains were unhappy with Magellan’s decision to stay in South America until the spring • When Magellan found out about the Mutiny, he executed one of the Captains • He spared the second captain’s life, but left him marooned.

33. Magellan found a narrow waterway near the southern tip ofSouth America. Magellan Strait was a jagged & rocky waterway that stretched 350 miles

34. The strong currents & strange winds separated one of the ships from the others. • The lost ship was forced to return to Spain. • Another ship crashed against the jagged rocks. • With only 3 ships left, Magellan made it to the South Sea. • He named it The Pacific Ocean!

35. Magellan finally reached the Philippines • Magellan became friends with a local chief & even convinced him to become a Christian • The Chief had an enemy • Magellan was killed when he got caught in a fight between Chief and his enemy • Magellan’s crew escaped & sailed away on one final ship • They were able to keep The Victoria, Magellan’s ship.

36. The Victoria arrived back in Spain after being gone three years. • Though Magellan had been killed on the voyage, since his crew completed the circumnavigation, Magellan was given historical credit. • Circumnavigate means to circle the globe

37. What Did Magellan’s Voyage Prove? • The World Was Round • The World Was Larger • Than Anyone Imagined

38. OVERSEASEMPIRES • Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal) • Led a bloody battle & defeated the Muslim Arabs • Now, Portugal controlled the trade over the Indian Ocean

39. Spain had control of every place in South America except Brazil. • Portugal established colonies in Brazil to grow cash crops like Sugar, Coffee & cotton.

40. The Spanish Had 3 Goals AsThey Explored • Spread Christianity • Serve the King • Grow Wealthy

41. One Spanish Conquistador was Hernan Cortes The Aztecs described the horses as hornless deer that blew smoke from their nostrils. He sailed to Mexico in 1519 with about 600 men bringing a strange animal the inhabitants of Mexico had never seen

42. Because the Aztecs had never seen horses & Cortes was seated on a horse, the Aztecs believed Cortes was the god-king which was prophesied to arrive from the east. Cortes rode into the Aztec’s capital city called Tenochtitlan The Aztecs awaited the god-king Questzalcoatl & Cortes appeared to be the fulfillment of this prophesy.

43. The leader of the Aztecs was Montezuma Montezuma greeted Cortes with gifts of gold. Cortes & his men were amazed by the wealth of the Aztecs in the city of Tenochtitlan

44. Cortes repayed Montezuma’s kindness by attacking him without mercy! The Aztecs fought back! They melted gold & poured it down the throats of the Spanish. Cortes fled the city and managed to cut off the supply lines of the Aztecs. Cortes forced them to surrender and he ruled Mexico for 3 year before returning to Spain.

45. Aztecs Pouring Gold Down the Throats of the Spanish

46. In the end, the battles had killed 50,000 Aztecs, but the worst killer of the Aztecs were the Spanish Diseases!

47. Spanish and Aztecs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvn8OuBDESo Click the link to watch the video clip

48. 10 Years Later, another Conquistador named Francisco Pizzaro • Pizzaro invaded Peru where the Inca lived.

49. The Incan Leader was Atahualpa

50. Pizzaro killed Atahualpa’s 2000 bodyguards • Pizzaro held Atahualpa for ransom • Even though the ransom was was paid, Pizzaro did not release Atahualpa • Atahualpa was executed