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Research Design

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Research Design

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    1. Research Design Week 3 lecture

    2. Agenda How do we know what we know? Various research methods Credibility of research findings

    3. How do we know what we know?

    4. The way we make reasoning Deductive logic Begins with one or more premises, reasoning then proceeds logically from these premises toward conclusions that must also be true All plants produce energy through photosynthesis (premise 1) Tulip is a type of plant (premise 2) Tulip produce energy through photosynthesis (conclusion) If the premise is wrong, we may get wrong conclusion but still it is logically valid

    5. The way we make reasoning Induction reasoning Use specific instances or occurrences to draw conclusion All observed craws are black, therefore, all crows are black. I see more traffics this year, therefore, the traffics are heavier this year than last year. Not considered as formal logical, hard to test the validity.

    6. Deductive Research Testing the theory Considered as the scientific method Universality Could be carried out by any competent person Replication Control Measurement Data can be measured

    7. Deductive Research Features Carry out large scale literature review to gather enough theories or evidence as premises Use deductive logic to derive a set of hypotheses Systematically gather data relevant to the hypothesis Statistically test and interpret the data to see if they support the hypothesis

    8. Example of deductive research From the paper: HH Teo, LB Oh, C Liu, KK Wei, An empirical study of the effects of interactivity on web user attitude, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 58 ,  Issue 3  (March 2003)

    9. Inductive Research Building theory Start from the data, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses, end up developing some general conclusions or theories

    10. Comparision Deductive research Scientific principles Moving from theory to data The need to explain causal relationships The collection of quantitative data Clearly define and operationalization of concepts Highly structured approach Researcher independence of what is being rsearched The request for generalization Inductive research Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events A close understanding of the research context The collection of qualitative data Flexible structure Researcher is usually part of the research process Less concern with the need to generalize

    11. How do we choose? Depends on your research topic Depends on the previous research Depends on the time Depends on the risks Something less practical… your own style

    12. Different research strategies Experiment Survey Case study Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Grounded theory Ethnography Action research

    13. Experiment Classical deductive research Is generally used to find causal relationships Definition of a theoretical hypothesis Recruiting of subjects (not in large number) Allocation of subjects to different experimental conditions Introduction of planned change on one or more of the variables Measurement on small number of the variables Control of the other variables

    14. Example of Experiment research From the paper: HH Teo, LB Oh, C Liu, KK Wei, An empirical study of the effects of interactivity on web user attitude, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 58 ,  Issue 3  (March 2003)

    15. Survey Usually associated with the deductive approach Allow the collection of a large amount of data from a sizable population in an economical way Questionnaire is the most popular data collection method Designing and testing questionnaire is the most importing part of a survey research

    16. Research questions appropriate for a survey Self-reported beliefs or behaviors. Ask many things, measure many variables and test several hypotheses in a single survey Behavior Attitudes/beliefs/opinions Expectations Self-classification Knowledge

    17. Survey Types Cross-sectional design Collects data at one time Longitudinal Designs Takes place over time with two or more data collections Trend design Each survey collects data on the same items or variables with a new independent sample of the same target population Panel studies Each survey collects data at different times from the same respondents

    18. Case study A strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence Inductive research Data are collected from interviews, focus groups and so on. Study one case or a few cases ( comparative case studies )

    19. Example of case study Case studies of two virtual project teams From the paper:J.Sutanto, A. Kankanhalli and C.Y.Tan, Task coordination in global virtual teams, ICIS 2004.

    20. Grounded theory Best example of inductive research Theory developed inductively from a corpus of data Data collection starts without the formation of an initial theoretical framework

    21. Ethnography Firmly rooted in the inductive approach comes from the discipline of social and cultural anthropology Researchers have to immerse themselves in the life of people they study Main difference with case study is the extent to which the researcher immerses in the life of the social group under study A significant amount of data are collected through observation Very time consuming

    22. Action Research Main features Purpose is to study the management of a change Close collaboration between practioners and researchers Results should have implications beyond the immediate project The domain of information systems action research is clearest where the human organization interacts with information systems. Most action research has an iterative process

    23. The action research spiral

    24. Action Research Example From the paper: Davison R. & Vogel D. GSS in Hong Kong: an action research project, Information Systems Journal, 2000, 10

    25. Using multi-methods Different methods can be used for different objectives in a study Enables triangulation The use of different data collection methods within one study in order to ensure that the data are telling you what you think they are telling you

    26. Credibility of research findings How do I know what I know? Is the source reliable? Are the raw data reliable? Is the conclusion valid? Is it just some coincidence? Triangulation is a way help you make judgment Reliability & validity of the design Reliability mainly deals with “repeatibility” Validity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about

    27. Validity of the methodology Internal validity The extent to which its design and the data that it yields allow the researcher to draw accurate conclusions about cause and effect and other relationships within the data Concerns Lack of control Reactivity: Hawthorne effect Experimenter expectancy

    28. Validity of the methodology External validity The extent to which the conclusions drawn can be generalized to other context Real-life setting A representative sample Replication In a different context Validity in qualitative research triangulation

    29. Where to go for more information? http://www.isworld.org/#research

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