Academic Debate and Critical Thinking

1. University of Salahaddin Department of Architecture 1st Stage 18th-February-2019 Academic Debate and Critical Thinking Citation and Referencing BY: HAWNAZ MAGID MSc. of Housing - USM

2. WHAT IS A CITATION? When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This acknowledgement is called a citation. When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include: The author or editor of the cited work The year of publication of the cited work

3. WHAT IS REFERENCING • Referencing is a standardisedmethod of formatting the information sources you have used in your report, assignments or written work. Any given referencing style serves two purposes: • acknowledges the source • allows the reader to trace the source.

4. Why is it important? • Referencing... • your arguments will be clearly supported by evidence. • you can use your own sources for further research in the future • Helps the reader to find the original source if they wish. • Improves your writing skills. • Adding authenticity to your argument. • Shows that you have read widely.

5. Material which you must acknowledge includes but is not limited to: • exact words (written or spoken) • data • Images (graph, tables, video, multimedia etc) • Pictures • ideas or concepts • theories • opinion or analysis • designs, drawings or plans

6. In general, common knowledge or facts widely available in a number of sources do not need to be acknowledged; however, what constitutes common knowledge and facts varies across subject areas.

7. Referencing styles • There are several different styles of referencing: • APA • MLA • Harvard • Oxford • Chicago • Each style has its own rules for properly citing sources. • Author-date styles (e.g. APA, MLA, and Harvard) put the author's name inside the text of the assignment • Documentary-note styles (e.g. Chicago and Oxford) put the author's name in a footnote at the bottom of each page, or in an endnote at the end of the assignment

8. We are using….. At Salahaddin University- Erbil, you are required to use the Harvard referencing system. Harvard referencing: It is an author-date referencing style

9. Depending on the type of material you want to reference, you will also need other bits of information, such as: Name of publisher Place of publication Page numbers Issue number URL (website or web page address) DOI (link for journal articles) Title of conference proceedings Report number • Book or conference editor (if not your primary author) • Book or conference title (if not your primary title) • Journal title (the journal article title will be your primary title) • Date of access (for online material)

10. Harvard style Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association (The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School.) Harvard citation style – All examples http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/ld.php?content_id=13183324

11. Referencing Component There are two component of referencing In-text citations in your paper The reference list at the end of your paper

12. 1-In-text citations In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a journal article):Note that there is no punctuation between the author's surname and the year of publication.

13. 2-The reference list All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your document. Reference list entries contain all the information that someone needs to follow up your source.

14. If you got your book from internet:

15. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD STYLE? • 1- Citing one author • A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical research (Henderson, 2005). • or • Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding medical research. • 2- Citing two or three authors • Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing (Arrami & Garner, 2008). • Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory experience enhances the learning process (Barros, Read & Verdejo, 2008).

16. 3- Citing four or more authors • If there are four or more authors cite the first name listed in the source followed by et al.All authors'/editors' names would be listed in your reference, no matter how many there are, as shown below. • Research suggests (Darlowet al., 2013) • 4- Citing works by the same author written in the same year(edited books) • facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b). • 5- Citing from chapters written by different authors • Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote • the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

17. 6- Citing a direct quotation • If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must: • Simons, Menzies and Matthews (2001) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practicing engineers’ (p.4). • 7- Citing an image/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture • In the text • Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date: The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ... • If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image: The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849)

18. 8-Citing from multimedia works : For multi-media material there may be no author, in which case the title and date can be provided in the in-text reference. 9- Citing from an interview or personal communication: Always use the surname of the interviewer/practitioner as the author.

19. Thank you