En vironmental Sciences II AR 832

1. Environmental Sciences IIAR 832 WEEK 3 Joseph Kennedy Winter 2015

2. THERMAL COMFORT • BODY / SKIN / CLOTHING / FURNITURE • SHELTER AS ARCHITECTURE • PRIMITIVE HUT • ARCHITECTURE AS SHELTER • ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS • BUILDING AS THERMAL ENVELOPE • BUILDING ENVELOPE AS SKIN / CLOTHING • MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AS CIRCULATION

3. SKIN /FIRE

4. CLOTHING

5. FURNITURE / EQUIPMENT

6. SHELTER

7. ENVELOPE / MATERIALS

8. THERMAL COMFORT • Condition of the mind which expresses satisfaction with the environment • Physiological • Psychological • Acceptable range of body temperature • Medium to low skin moisture • Regulation of metabolic rate minimized • Program / Activity / Function

9. A C T I V I T Y

10. METABOLIC RATE • The body burns food/fuel through the metabolic process to generate energy • Thermal comfort or equilibrium is the result of balancing • Energy Consumption • Energy Production • Energy Dissipation • Activity Level • Heat Gain / Loss

11. BODY HEAT LOSS • Convection Radiation Evaporation Conduction • Evaporation Skin • Exhalation Lungs • Heat loss regulated by blood flow • First at the skin then at secondary organs • Hyperthermia / insufficient loss / sweat / open pores • Hypothermia / excessive loss / gooseflesh / pores closed

12. H E A T L O S S

13. BODY TEMPERATURE • Human Body • 98.6 °F internal temperature • Range 10 to 15 degrees F higher = death • Range 15 to 20 degrees F lower = death • 85°F Average Skin Temperature • Comfort Range • 68°F Winter • 78°F Summer Clothing and Activity

14. B O D Y T E M P

15. THERMAL COMFORT FACTORS • Air Temperature • Relative Humidity • Air Motion / Velocity • Mean Radiant Temperature

16. COMFORT FACTORS • Air Temperature • Determines the rate at which heat is transferred to the air by convection 40% • Relative Humidity • Evaporative cooling through perspiration • Requires relatively dry air to be effective • Humid air limits heat transfer

17. COMFORT FACTORS • Air Motion / Velocity • Affects transfer via Convection and Radiation • Asset in Summer Liability in Winter • 20 to 60 FPM minimum • 200 FPM acceptable but noticeable • +200 FPM unpleasant and disruptive / drafts

19. COMFORT FACTORS • Mean Radiant Temperature • Key Issues • Impacts our perception of Thermal Comfort • Proximity to Hot or Cold Surfaces • Temperature Differential • Exposure Angle • Area / Mass • Draft

20. MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE • Average skin temperature 85°F • Establishes heat exchange rate with surrounding surfaces based on the temperature of surrounding objects • Impact of sunlight via direct solar gain • Orientation and Exposure

21. M R T

22. PSYCHROMETRIC CHART • Expresses the interrelationship between thermal conditions in the environment • Key Factors • Examines impact of changes in basic thermal factors on human comfort levels Air Temperature Horizontal Line Humidity Ratio Vertical Line Relativity Humidity Curved line

23. COMFORT ZONE

24. ASHRAE COMFORT ZONES

25. THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS  • USER NEEDS • PHYSIOLOGY METABOLIC RATE / AGE / SEASON • PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH / CULTURE • PROGRAM / USE        • OCCUPANCY        FUNCTION / ACTIVITY / CLOTHING • LIGHTING LOADS        • EQUIPMENT LOADS • CLIMATE • ZONE    • SOLAR / WIND FACTORS        • WEATHER RANGES / EXTREMES TEMPERATURE / HUMIDITY

26.  THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS • FORM / SPATIAL ORGANIZATION • BUILDING ENVELOPE • MATERIALS MTR • PRODUCTS • ASSEMBLIES • TECHNOLOGY • SYSTEMS HEATING / COOLING MEDIUM • EQUIPMENT AIR QUALITY / RATE OF MOVEMENT • PRODUCTS SPECIALIZED FILTERS

27. THREE-TIER APPROACH • BASIC BUILDING DESIGN LOCATION ORIENTATION FORM ENVELOPE LOAD AVOIDANCE • PASSIVE TECHNIQUES-- NATURAL ENERGIES LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT NATURAL SYSTEMS • ACTIVE SYSTEMS-- MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HIGH PERFORMANCE EQUIPMENT

28. THREE-TIER APPROACH

29. THREE-TIER APPROACH • EACH TIER AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN PROCESS • SYNERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP WHERE THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS • THE BUILDING AS A SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE THERMAL AND LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENT • THE BUILDING ITSELF AS AN ENERGY SYSTEM FOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE

30. SWL APPROACH • To help architectural designers who are not energy experts understand the energy consequences of their most basic design decisions and to give them information so that they can use energy issues to generate form rather than simply as limits that must be accomodated...

31. Typical Sources of Heat • Solar Load • Lights • Air Conditioning Equipment • Office Equipment • Appliances • People 12/20/2019 31

32. ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS: • Lighting – 15-20% • HVAC – 25-35% • Domestic Hot Water – 5% • Plug and Process – 40-55%

33. Program & Use: Occupants TECHNIQUE 12- OCCUPANCY HEAT GAIN

34. TECHNIQUE 12- OCCUPANCY HEAT GAIN

35. TECHNIQUE 13- EQUIPMENT HEAT GAIN

36. IC-- Form and Envelope TECHNIQUE 15- SKIN HEAT FLOW: Estimating U-value of Opaque Skin TECHNIQUE 16- WINDOW SOLAR GAIN TECHNIQUE 17- VENTILATION – INFILTRATION GAIN AND LOSS

37. IC-- Form & Envelope TECHNIQUE 15- SKIN HEAT FLOW

38. TECHNIQUE 16- WINDOW SOLAR GAIN

39. TECHNIQUE 16- WINDOW SOLAR GAIN

40. TECHNIQUE 17- VENTILATION-INFILTRATION GAIN & LOSS

41. TECHNIQUE 17- VENTILATION-INFILTRATION GAIN & LOSS

42. Combining Climate, Program, and Form TECHNIQUE 18- BUILDING BIOCLIMATIC CHART TECHNIQUE 19- EARTH CONTACT TECHNIQUE 20- SHADING CALENDAR TECHNIQUE 21- TOTAL HEAT GAINS TECHNIQUE 22- BALANCE POINT TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUE 23- BALANCE POINT PROFILES

43. Solar Energy / Passive Design Architectural Graphic Standards

44. Solar Energy / Passive Design Architectural Graphic Standards

45. Solar Energy / Passive Design Architectural Graphic Standards

46. Solar Energy / Passive Design Architectural Graphic Standards

47. Solar Energy / Passive Design

48. Solar Energy / Passive Design

49. Solar Energy / Passive Design

50. Solar Energy / Passive Design