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Republican and Imperial Rome

Republican and Imperial Rome. The Ancient Etruscans (800-500 BC). Royal Rome (753-510 BC). The Myth of Romulus Etruscan Rule (6th century BC) The Power of Imperium Senate-Elected King + Elite Senate + Curial Assembly of Citizens Family is Base Unit Client-Patron Relationships

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Republican and Imperial Rome

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  1. Republican and Imperial Rome

  2. The Ancient Etruscans (800-500 BC)

  3. Royal Rome (753-510 BC) • The Myth of Romulus • Etruscan Rule (6th century BC) • The Power of Imperium • Senate-Elected King + Elite Senate + Curial Assembly of Citizens • Family is Base Unit • Client-Patron Relationships • Patrician (Noble) and Plebian (Commoner)

  4. The Roman Republic (510 BC - ?) • Ending is Gradual • Overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus--510 BC

  5. Roman Republican Government • Twin Consuls with Military Imperium; limited Domestic Imperium • Emergencies: Dictator (6 months) • Quaestors, Proconsul, Praetors, Censors • Senate controls foreign and domestic affairs • Centuriate Assembly divided by wealth levels

  6. Struggle of the Orders (5th-3rd Centuries BC) • Plebians vs. Patricians • 10 Tribunes of the Plebians--Power of Veto • 367 BC--One Consul seat open to Plebians • 287 BC--Plebian assembly now could bind all Romans with laws without Senate • Shift from Patrician to Nobiles rule

  7. Conquest of Italy • 493 BC--Latin League • 390 BC--Gauls Sack Rome • Latin War (343-338 BC) • Rome Generous to Subjects • Southern Italy (4th-3rd century BC) • King Pyrrhus of Epirus and Pyrric Victory

  8. Carthage

  9. Carthage • Phoenician Colony, 814 BC • Dominates West by 5th century BC • Oligarchic Republic: 2 Suffets, Oligarchic Council, Popular Assembly • Mercenaries, not citizen soldiers

  10. The Punic Wars • First Punic War: 264-241 BC--Fought for Sicily • Second Punic War (218-202 BC) • Hannibal • Invasion of Italy • Cannae: 216 BC, 40,000 defeat 80,000 • Publius Cornelius Scipio • Battle of Zama: 202 BC

  11. Conquests of Rome • The Province System • Tax-Farming • Philip V--197 BC • Antiochus III, Magnesia--189 BC • Corinth sacked: 146 BC • Carthago est Delenda!!!!: 146 BC

  12. Greek Influence • Hellenistic Slaves Bring Greek Culture • Merger of Greek and Roman Pantheon • Cybele and Dionysius/Bacchus • Education--Rise of the ‘Classical Education’ • Training in Roman Virtues • Training in Greek Thought (Humanitas)

  13. Imperialism and Social Unrest • Rise of the Latifundia / Decline of the Small Farmers Undercuts Military / Social / Political Order • Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BC) • The Populares vs. Optimates • Gaius Gracchus (159-121 BC)

  14. Marius vs. Sulla • Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) and Luius Cornelius Sulla (137-78 BC) vs. Jugurtha • Marius opens army to all citizens to volunteer for long terms • The Social War (90-88 BC) • Marius vs. Sulla • Sulla shows anyone with an army can now rule

  15. Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BC)

  16. Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC)

  17. Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)

  18. Caesar’s Rise • Consul and Governor of Gaul (59 BC-50 BC) • Commentaries of the Gallic War • Crassus dies at Carrhae vs. Parthians (53 BC) • The Rubicon and War (49-45 BC) • Caesar Takes Power...but what will he do with it?

  19. The Murder of Caesar, Ides of March, 44 BC

  20. Second Triumvirate • Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) • Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC) • Lepidus (dies 13 BC) • Actium -- 31 BC • Octavian becomes Princeps Augustus (First Citizen Augustus)

  21. The Augustan Principate • Monarch in Republican Clothing -- The Princeps • Controls 20 of 26 legions directly • Reform and Public Works • Vigiles -- Fire Fighters / Police • Professional Military of 300,000 • Restoration of Religion and Morality

  22. Rome in 1 AD (Augustus)

  23. Ciceronian Culture / Late Republic • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) • Trusted in Law, Custom, and Tradition • An Aristocracy of Virtue (his dream) • Idea of Law of Peoples and Law of Nations • Poetry: • Lucretius (99-55 BC) -- Scientific Poetry • Catallus (84-54 BC) -- Personal Life

  24. Augustan Culture: Golden Age of Literature • Virgil (70-19 BC) and the Aenid • Horace(65-8 BC) and his Odes • Ovid (43 BC-18 AD) and the Metamorphoses • Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) and the History of Rome • Architecture and Sculpture

  25. Imperial Peace and Prosperity (14 AD to 180 AD) • The Relatives of Augustus (14-68 AD) • The Year of 4 Emperors (68 AD) • The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 AD) • The Five Good Emperors (96-180 AD) • Commodus (180-192 AD) and Trouble to Come

  26. Rome in 100 AD

  27. Imperial Government • Self-Governing Towns Run by Local Elites • Territorial Peak: Dacia in 106 AD • Hadrian’s Wall • Silver Age of Roman Literature • Massive Building Projects • Second Century AD problems

  28. The Roman Insula

  29. The Roman Domus

  30. Rise of Christianity: Jesus and Judaism • Jesus of Nazareth (?-?, though definitely late 1st century BC to 1st century AD) • The Four Schools of Judaism • The Essenes: Preparing for Apocalypse • The Revolutionaries: FREEDOM!!!!!! • The Sadducees: Old School Religion • The Pharisees: Compassion > Sacrifice

  31. Jesus and Paul • Jesus’ 1-3 year mission • The End is Coming • Act Righteously on Earth • Repent and Be Forgiven • Paul (Saul) of Tarsis • Former Persecutor • The Apostle to the Gentiles • Faith Will Save

  32. Early Christian Practice • Baptism • Agape / Love Feast • Prophesy and Interpretation • Independent Congregations / Fealty to Apostles in Jerusalem and Founders • By 2nd Century AC, each city had a Bishop • Bishops met in Councils

  33. The Council of Jamnia • 90 AD • Pharisees respond to fall of Jerusalem • Closing of Jewish Canon • Throwing out of the Apocrypha

  34. Catholicism and Orthodoxy • Romans Persecuted Christians • No Definitive Bible or Creed • Many Alternate Texts • Rise of Catholic / Orthodox tradition • Rise of the Bishop of Rome • The Gnostics • The Gospel of Thomas

  35. The Crisis of the Third Century AD • The Severan Dynasty (193-235 AD) • Increased Militarization / Army Most Loyal to Generals, Not State • Economic Problems • Militarization of Society • Civil Disorder: 14 Emperors in 235-268 AD

  36. Imperial Recovery: 4th Century AD • Diocletian (284-305 AD) and the Tetrarchy • Constantine (306-337) • Dominus title • Legalization of Christianity

  37. Imperial Decline • Finance Problems • Huns Push West • Adrianople (378 AD) • Deurbanization in West • Honorius (395-423 AD)

  38. Rome in 400 AD

  39. The Huns • 410 AD -- Visigoths Sack Rome; Britain Abandoned • Atilla the Hun (440s-450s AD) • Chalons-Sur-Marne 454 AD • Vandals Sack Rome -- 455 AD • Romulus Augustus, the Last Emperor--476 AD

  40. Christian Triumph • 313 AD--Edict of Milan • 394 AD--Paganism is Outlawed • Arius of Alexander (280-336 AD) • Council of Nicea (325 AD) • Council of Hippo (393 AD) and Saint Jerome and the Vulgate (400 AD)

  41. Late Imperial Culture • Preservation of Classical Culture • Christianity vs. Paganism • Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (354-430 AD) • Confessions (397-8) • The City of God (410 AD)

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