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Lab Activity 22

This activity provides an in-depth analysis of various blood cell types, including erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. It details their counts, functions, and characteristics, highlighting differences in blood types, such as ABO and Rh systems. The information covers hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit values, the impact of gender on erythropoiesis, and the mechanisms of blood clotting. Understanding these elements is crucial for students in biology and medical fields.

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Lab Activity 22

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  1. Lab Activity 22 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

  2. Erythrocyte

  3. Erythrocyte (RBC) • Count: 4-6 million per mm3 • Function: Transport of O2 and CO2

  4. Iron Deficient RBC • More pale and smaller

  5. Sickle Cell

  6. Reticulocyte • Count: 1-2% of RBC • RBC precursor • Increased when RBC turnover is high • Still contains nuclear fragments

  7. Neutrophil (Granulocyte) • Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands (polymorphonuclear) • Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules • Lifespan of about 10 hrs

  8. Neutrophil • Count:50-70% 3,000-7,000 per mm3 • Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues • Release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals

  9. Neutrophilic Band Cell • Young neutrophils are called band cells because of horseshoe shaped nucleus (band)

  10. Eosinophil (Granulocyte) • Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand • Large, uniform-sized orange-red granules

  11. Eosinophil • Count:2-4% • 100-400 per mm3 • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials • Release cytotoxic enzymes • Reduce inflammation

  12. Basophil (Granulocyte) • Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules • Obscure the nucleus • Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

  13. Basophil • Count:<1% • 20-50 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

  14. Monocyte (Agranulocyte) • Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped • Pale cytoplasm

  15. Monocyte • Count: 2-8% • 100-700 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter tissues to become macrophages • Engulf pathogens or debris

  16. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) • Dark, oval to round nucleus • Cytoplasm sky blue in color

  17. Lymphocyte • Count: 20-30% • 1,500-3,000 per mm3 • Functions: • Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, • Includes B and T cells

  18. Platelets • Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte • Count: 150-500,000 per mm3 • Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

  19. Platelets Platelet Megakaryocytes

  20. Hemoglobin Concentrations • Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter. • Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13-18 g/deciliter. • Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. • Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. • Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

  21. Gender Differences in Hb • Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. • Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

  22. ABO Blood Types • RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins • The glycoprotein determines the blood type • Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

  23. Type A • Type A: Display only antigen A • The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

  24. Type B • Type B: Display only antigen B • The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

  25. Type AB • Type AB: Display both antigens A & B • The plasma contains no antibodies

  26. Type O • Type O: Display neither antigen • The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

  27. Blood Transfusions • Only RBC are donated. • Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC • Causes clumping then hemolysis

  28. RH blood groups • People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies • Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen • Transfusion of positive blood • During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus • Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

  29. Possible Not Possible Possible Not Possible

  30. Coagulation Time • Blood Clotting (coagulation) is a protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured • Through a series of reactions, fibrin will form a meshwork to trap the RBC, forming a clot. • Normally blood clots within 2-6 minutes

  31. The End The End

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