1 / 42

Pharmaceutical Products

Explore the intricate world of pharmaceutical products, from drug synthesis to drug-receptor interactions. Learn about lethal and effective doses, therapeutic index, clinical trials, and risk-benefit analysis. Discover how drugs interact with the body, influence bioavailability, and their impact on health. Dive into the nuances of mild analgesics, strong analgesics, and the purification process of aspirin. Delve into the history of antibiotics and the testing methods used to detect ethanol levels in the body.

steffanie
Download Presentation

Pharmaceutical Products

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Pharmaceutical Products • Alters incoming sensory sensations • Alters mood or emotions • Alters physiological state-consciousness, activity level, or coordination • Assist healing-------placebo effect

  2. So ya want a new drug • Identify the need…will you make money • Structure • Synthesis • Yield and extraction

  3. Determine lethal dose • LD50 • Amount required to kill 50%of the population • Determine effective dose • We need a noticeable effect in 50% of the population -ED50 • Therapeutic index • LD50 / ED50 or ToxicDose50/ED50cuz killing humans is wrong • Therapeutic window • Range of dosages between the minimum amounts of the drug that produce the desired effect an a medically unacceptable adverse effect

  4. Clinical trials • Half of the population receives the drug/half of the population receives a placebo • Play close attention to safety and side effects • Can occur in three phases with the group of individuals increases with each phase.

  5. Side effects • Car accident victim • Receives morphine for pain • Side effect is constipation • Aspirin – fever reducer / causes bleeding of the stomach

  6. Risk : Benefit • Fen-Phen • Weight lose • Heart valve disease • OxyContin • Pain management • Addiction. . . . . . . . . . . .

  7. Tolerance levels • Body adapts to the action of the drug • As dose increases so does the danger of addiction and reaching LD50 • More studies are done • Prescription / over the counter • Ten years later –drugo is his nameo

  8. How do you like your drugs?

  9. Bioavailability • Fraction of the dosage that reaches the target part of the human • Oral meds depends strongly on the solubility in water • Presence of polar groups (OH, COOH, NH2) • Allows for transport through the intestinal tract and blood plasma

  10. Drug-receptor interactions Turns processes on/off. Stops messaging

  11. Antacids • Neutralize HCl • Aluminum hydroxide • Side effect constipation • Interferes with absorption of phosphates • Bone damage • Sodium hydrogen carbonate • Side effect carbon dioxide gas • bloating belching • Magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide

  12. H2-receptor antagonist • Ranitidine or Zantac • Inhibits the production of acid • Binds to histamine H2-receptor • Stops the normal chemical messenger from turning on the acid production

  13. Proton pump inhibitor • Omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium) • Weak base that travels through the cell membrane becomes acidic from the H+ being produced • Binds to pump

  14. Active metabolites • Active form of drugs after they have been processed in the body • Aspirin is salicylic acid • Salicylic acid causes severe stomach irritation • Aspirin is taken in ester form and covert to acid form

  15. Mild Analgesics • Used for pain management • Mild pain • Aspirin

  16. Aspirin • Prevents the production of prostaglandin synthase • Anti-inflammatory NSAID • Prophylactic - prevents bad stuff • Anticoagulant • May prevent certain cancers • Causes bleeding in the lining of the stomach • Causes Reye’s syndrome

  17. Mild Analgesics • Paracetamol-UK • Acetaminophen - US • Maybe safer for kids • Rarely causes kidney damage or blood disorders • Overdose • Brain, liver, and kidney damage

  18. Purification of aspirin • Unreacted salicylic acid is recrystallized • Dissolved in hot solvent • Vacuum filtered • Cooled • Forms crystals because it is close to its saturation point

  19. Determining purity • Melting point • 138 – 140 C • Infrared spectroscopy • Shows functional groups present

  20. Increasing aspirin bioavailability • Form the sodium salt • Increases water solubility

  21. Fluoxetine to ionic salt

  22. Synergistic effect of ethanol • Increase the risk of stomach bleeding when mixed with aspirin • Increases the sedation effective of sedatives

  23. Strong analgesics • Opiates • Temporarily binds to the receptor sites in the brain • Preventing transmission of pain impulses without depressing the central nervous system • Found in the opium poppies • Morphine • Codeine

  24. Codeine OH- is replaced with a –OCH3 morphine Heroin produced by a diesterification reaction. Less polar than morphine-crosses the blood/brain barrier better Semi synthetic

  25. Short term effect • Euphoria • Pain killer • Depresses nervous system • Slows breathing and heart rate • Depresses coughing • Constipation

  26. Long term effects • Loss of sex drive • Disrupts menstrual cycle • Social • HIV • Hepatitis

  27. Testing for ethanol • Breathalyser • Uses Cr2O72- / H+ to oxidize • C2H5OH ethanal ethanoic acid • Gas liquid chromatography • Blood or urine sample is needed • Intoximeters • C-H bonds absorb infrared radiation at -3.30 micrometers • Suspects breath is compared to a clean sample • The intensities of the two emerging beams are compared

  28. Antibacterials • Penicillin • Alexander Fleming – 1928 • Bacteriologist • Discovered a mold that would inhibit the growth of bacteria • Published his results but. . .

  29. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain • 1941 • Isolated and purified the mold • Used it on a policeman dying of septicemia • Didn’t have enough to save him • The policeman got better and then relapsed

  30. Produced Penicillium notatum in bulk in large tanks of corn-steep liquor • 1950s the structure of penicillin was determined and synthesized Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

  31. Penicillins contain a four membered beta-lactam ring. The amide group is highly reactive due to the strained angles of this ring. The ring opens and bonds to the cell walls. The R side chain can be altered to make other drugs.

  32. What it does • Prevents bacteria from making normal cell walls • Side chains can be modified to kill resistive bacteria or to withstand stomach acid • Some bacteria can make penicillianse • An enzyme that kills penicillin • Narrow spectrum antibiotic • Broad spectrum antibiotic--tetracycline

  33. Super bugs • Overuse in livestock • People who stop taking their antibiotics in mid prescription • Using it for viruses -- flu, colds. . .

  34. What is a virus? • Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat • No nucleus or cytoplasm • No cells • Reproduce inside the cells of living organisms • Constantly mutate

  35. Antivirals • Stop viruses from multiplying • Alter cell’s genetic material so the virus cannot use it to multiply • Acyclovir – cold sores • Block enzyme activity within host cell • Indinavir – HIV drug • Prevent virus from leaving the host cell • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) • Can be prophylactic

  36. Environmental issues • Low level waste • Gives off small amount of ionizing radiation for a short time • Gloves, etc. • Can be stored on site until it can be sent to landfill or incinerated • High level waste • Gives off high of amounts of ionizing radiation for a long time • Disposal is a problem

  37. Drugs in our water • Flushing meds • Livestock waste

  38. Green chemistry • Seeks to minimize the production and release of hazardous chemicals into the environment • Sustainable chemistry

  39. Synthesis of oseltamivir • Currently uses shikimic acid as starting material • Renewable • Extracted from Chinese star anise of fermentation of glucose by genetically modified bacteria • GM bact gives higher yield

  40. Waste solvents • Contribute to 80-90% of mass • Often nonpolar and toxic • Need to be: replaced by • green solvents • Recycled • Reused • Disposed of safely • Incineration • Makes CO2 • Injected underground

More Related