Mexico’s History !!!

1. Mexico’s History !!! By: Joanna Jamerson & Areli Valencia

2. YOU GUYS BETTER BE EXCITED

3. The Spanish are Coming! • The Spanish arrived in 1519 and within 20 years they took control of Mexico. • Natives lacked horses, cannons, and resistance to diseases. • Spain during this time: • Hybrid Society • Christian and Muslim (invaded Spain in 711 from North Africa)

4. THE OLMEC  YAY! • Considered the mother culture of the Meso-American people. • The Olmec were located on Mexico’s southern Gulf Coast around 1200 B.C.  (that’s a long time ago) • Map HERE!

5. Major Cities • San Lorenzo was the earliest Olmec site and it survived until 900 B.C. (they played games) • La Venta, was awesome, but it fell during 500-400 B.C. • The last Olmec site was Tres Zapotes, and it survived until 100 B.C. • Then there were no Olmec People 

7. Olmec’s Magic Stones! (this is kind of scary) • The Olmecs made large stone heads, from five to nine feet and weighing about 40 tons. (people believe they depict rulers) • The material for these stone heads came from TUXTLA MOUNTAINS, some fifty to sixty miles away.  (I guess that’s walking distance for the almighty OLMEC)

8. It’s Magical Looking! 

9. Olmec’s Influence • It influenced many indigenous societies from northern Mexico down to Costa Rica; this is why they are considered the MOTHER CULTURE. • Olmec practiced mathematics, writing, and astronomy. • DOT = 1 • BAR = 5 • SHELL = 0 • Writing was based on hieroglyphics.

10. Continued. • Many cultures adopted Olmec’s Gods. • Rain God= Tlatoc • Plumed serpent deity = Quetzalcoatl First Ritual Ball Court found in San Lorenzo Often the game was attached to politics.

12. MAYA? • The Mayan were one of the few cultures who developed an urban culture in tropical forests. • Urban centers = religious centers ? • TIKAL was their principal city • Terrain hard to survive (bad farmland, bad weather, pretty much bad everything… yet they were able to build complex temples) • Most complicated and developed writing system in the Americas • Practiced SLASH AND BURN methods • MAIZE was their main crop

14. Mayan Hierarchy

15. MAYA POPULATION LEAVE  • They randomly left their cities around 900 A.D. • Reason? A mystery till this day.

16. Teotihuacan (means place of the Gods) 100-750 A.D. • City State, reached its height in 200 A.D. • Eight square miles, (one of the largest cities in the world during that time) and its population was between 125,000 to 250,000 • Religious Center had temple to Quetzalcoatl and pyramids to the sun and moon. • Declined in 650; there was a loss of population probably due to a drought.

18. TOLTEC (funny name) • Considered them cultural heirs of the Teotihuacanos. • Established capital city of Tula in 968. • Read Second Paragraph on Page 8 • Their empire eventually declined due to violence.

19. Mexica-Nahua? Empire • Mexican arrived in central Mexico in 1253. • Azcapotzalco, city-state hired the Mexica as mercenaries. • 1325 established the city of Tenochtitlan. • Triple Alliance was created in 1430 between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (tacuba) • By 1500, tenochtitlan rulers ruled over fifteen million people, and 38 cities. OMG!!!

20. Aztec Empire Pic?

22. Beliefs • Human Sacrifices, Read 1st Para. in Religious Beliefs Section • Moctezuma II (Moctechucoma Xocoyotzin) assumed office in 1502 and took five thousand people for sacrifices from the cities of Nopallin and Icpatepec.  

23. Aztec Politics

24. Branches of the Elite(tecuhli/lords) • Consisted of Civil authorities, military officers, and priests. • Civil Authorities • Participated in war activities • Shared in tribute wealth • Received income from land set aside and worked by the local peasantry.

25. Officials and Priests • Officials • Controlled the districts of the Cap. • Military Elite, tecuhli, were the political foundation • Priests • Was a hard job • Only the priesthood allowed women to work • Mothers could dedicate their daughters for priesthood at early age. :P

26. Education • Calmeac ( School for the children of the elite) • Preparation to enter one of branches of government • Studied military, history, mathematics, records, politics, and obligations among the different classes. • Stressed self discipline, polite intercourse, manners, and religious piety • Telpochalli (school for the lower) • Vocational skills • Ritual practices • Civic responsibilities • Respect for authority

28. Pochteca…HUH?!?  • Merchants • Marry among each other • Live in separate districts • Halfway between elite and craftsmen • Were often wealthy, but power was measured by your state service and not your wealth.

29. POWER • Why did they achieve such a vast EMPIRE?

30. Military

32. Spanish Conquest (HOLA AMIGOS) • Columbus’s voyage in 1492 • Spain establishes posts in Greater Antilles • Spain creates an Audencia (high court) in Santo Domingo in 1511 • Native Labor • Tried to control

33. Greater Antilles PIC

34. Catholic Church • Against Indian Slavery; wants them to convert • Helped the Spanish by providing funds

36. Hernan Cortes(IMPORTANT) • 1517 and 1518: two full-scale incursions which were moderately successful. Failed to go inland. • 1519 expedition led by Hernan Cortes • Poorly planned due to arguments with Gov. Diego Velasquez of Cuba • 400 men • Twelve cannons • Number of horses • Marina = Malinche (defeating Potonchan of Tabasco) (Nahuatl and Mayan) • Cortes and Tlaxcalans defeated Aztec Tenochtitlan

37. Hernan Cortes I LOVE HIS HAT.  Joanna loved his hair.

38. Magical Masks • Veracruz - Cortes faced three masks: Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca, and Tlaloc, each symbolized something different • Spanish defeated Technotitlan • Moctezuma ruled as a Spanish Puppet (shame on him) • He was replaced, then the Spanish were trapped  • The Spanish fled the city, known as la Noche Triste, Lamentable Night. (June 1521)

39. Religion (I know, I don’t want to talk about it either) • 12 Franciscans arrived in 1524 • Dominicans in 1526 • Augustinians in 1533 • Juan de Zumarraga (1468-1548), first bishop of Mexico • Supported learning Native Language/Beliefs • Refuted Native Beliefs • Understood that indigenous Catholic priesthood had to be trained

40. Juan de Zumarraga He’s Scary Looking. Maybe it’s a religious thing…

41. Pedro de Gante (1480-1572) • Established the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlalteloco, supported by Zamarraga, opened in 1537

42. Virgen de Guadalupe • Franciscan friars created a shrine dedicated to the Virgin of Apocalypse on Tepeyac Hill, a site connected with the Mexican goddess Tonanzin. • Juan Diego fused the two cultures together

43. The Spanish crown is scurred • Missionaries gaining power among people • Disbanded missionaries and hired reg. priests • Not enough for all people, so beliefs still continued

45. Cortes’ System

46. Crown is scurred again?!?!?! • Cortes gaining power among people • Crown elevated New Spain to kingdom, equal to kingdoms in Spain • Kingdom meant that king had power over it

47. JUST SO YOU KNOW THE CROWN IS ALWAYS SCURRED!!!!

48. Politics of New Spain

49. Random Politic things • Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552) was the first viceroy of New Spain. • In Mex. City an Indian council was organized • City’s four Indian quarters • Food, water, sanitation, crime, supervision of markets

50. Consulado • Organization that represented the large scale merchants and had close ties to the upper class. • Settled disputes between merchants • Lobbied the viceroy and officials to protect merchants interest.