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MCB 135E Discussion

This discussion explores the development of the nervous system, including morphological, biochemical, and functional aspects. Additionally, it examines the blood flow in the circulatory system and the major components involved.

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MCB 135E Discussion

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  1. MCB 135EDiscussion GSI: Jason Lowry September 27- October 1

  2. Fetal Umbilical VeinDuctus VenosusIVCRight AtriaForamen OvaleLeft AtriaLeft VentricleAortaCoronary Arteries, Carotid Arteries Superior Vena CavaRight AtriaRight VentriclePulmonary ArteryDuctus Arteriosus Descending Aorta Umbilical Arteries Adult Pulmonary VeinsLeft AtriaLeft VentricleAortaInferio/Superior Vena CavaRight AtriaRight VentriclePulmonary Arteries Blood Flow

  3. Nervous System • Major Functions • Communication with external/internal environment • Regulation of… • Major Components • Neurons • Neuroglia • Mylenated nerve fibers • Microglia • Ground Substance • Blood Vessels and CSF

  4. Development of the Nervous System • Morphological Development • Biochemical Development • Functional Development • Sexual Differentiation

  5. Morphological Development • Neurulation • Cells derived from neuroepithelium • Know Handout

  6. Neurulation • N.S. – Arises from ectoderm on dorsal portion of embryo • 3-4 Weeks – Cells proliferate along middle plate • 5-6 Weeks – Plate folds to form neural groove • 6-7 Weeks – Groove closes into neural tube • Brain develops from anterior portion • Spinal cord develops from the posterior portion

  7. Neural Epithelium • Neuroblast • Neuron • Spongioblast • Migratory Spongioblast • Oligodendria • Astrocytes • Astrocytes • Ependyma

  8. Biochemical Development • Neuronal Plasticity • Energy Sources • Role of thyroid hormone

  9. Carbohydrates Primarily maternal glucose Stored as glycogen Under influence of glucocorticoids In fetus Insulin levels high Insulin sensitivity high Hypoglycemic Anaerobic Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde-P-Dehydrogenase Glycolitic enzyme High in postnatal brain During same period the oxidative enzyme Succinic Dehydrogenase Much lower Energy Sources

  10. Thyroid Hormone • Functions • Promotion of body growth • Development of CNS through: • Promotion of neorogenesis • Promotion of myelination • Promotion of brain metabolism • Stimulates oxygen consumption in all cells • Abnormalities • Hypothyroidism • Cretinism • Short stature, low metabolic rate, skin changes • Treatable if given Thyroxine at an early age

  11. Thyroid Hormones

  12. Functional Development • Neuronal Connections • Differential Development of N.S. • Neurotransmitter activity in different brain regions • Perinatal Behavior • Reflexes • Respiratory (17-24 weeks) • Gastrointestinal (24th week) • Startle (Presence of excessive activity after birth is an indicator of delayed development of certain brain centers) • Suckling - Postnatal • Education • Better educated appear to live longer with less disability • Several pieces of evidence discussed for this in class

  13. Sexual Differentiation • Steroid hormone action on brain development • Androgen action on sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) • Male Rats – After puberty responsible for male behavior, large SDN-POA present • Female Rats (low androgen levels) – After puberty -Small SDN-POA (reversible with androgen treatment) • No lordosis (arching of back when sexually receptive)

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