European Imperialism

European Imperialism 1815-1914

Imperialism • The act of acquiring foreign or distant lands and placing them under the control of the “mother country” • Types of Imperial Control (3) • Colony- Settlement in a new area where there is direct control of government and trade by the parent country • Protectorate – Political unit depends on another for its protection • Sphere of Influence – An area where a foreign power has been given exclusive rights and/or privileges

Imperialism Propaganda

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism *Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Take a moment to reflect upon the message of this story as well as the intended audience.

With the police and emergent intelligence forces now taking the front line role in preserving the status quo at home - and with ‘the world’s largest navy’ to protect national interests - the army was left relatively free to concentrate on colonial conquest. So, while the navy protected the Empire and its trading routes at sea, it was the army that forced its extension on the ground. During Queen Victoria’s reign, from 1837 to 1901, the British Army carried out the following colonial campaigns:

Anti-colonial revolt in Canada, 1837 • Capture of Aden, 1838 • First Afghan War, 1838-42 • Against Boers, South Africa, 1838-48 • Opium Wars in China, 1839-42 • War in the Levant, 1840 • War in Afghanistan, 1842 • Conquest of Sind, India, 1843 • Gwalior War, India, 1843 • First Sikh War, India, 1845-6 • Against Native Africans, South Africa, 1846-52 • North-West Frontier of India, 1847-54 • Second Sikh War, India, 1848-9 • Second Burmese War, 1852 • Eureka Stockade, Australia, 1854 • War with Persia, 1856-7 • North-West Frontier of India, 1858-67 • Storming of the Taku Forts, China, 1859-60 • Maori Wars, New Zealand, 1861-4 • Operations in Sikkim, India, 1861 • Ambela Expedition, 1863 • Yokohama, Japan, 1864-5 • Bhutan Expedition, 1865 • Expedition to Abyssinia, 1868 • Red River Expedition, Canada, 1870 • Ashanti War, West Africa, 1874 • Expedition to Perak, Malaya, 1875-6 • Galekas & Gaikas war, Cape Colony, 1877 • North-West Frontier, India, 1878-9 • Second Afghan War, 1878 • Third Afghan War, 1879 • Zulu War, 1879 • North-West Frontier of India, 1880-4 • Transvaal Revolt or First Boer War, 1880-1 • Bombardment of Alexandria, 1882 • Expedition to the Sudan, 1884-5 • Third Burmese War, 1885 • Suakin Expedition, Sudan, 1885 • End of the Nile Campaign, 1885 • North-West Frontier of India, 1888-92 • Minor Operations in India, 1888-94 • Siege & Relief of Chitral, India, 1895 • Mashonaland Rising, East Africa, 1896 • Re-Conquest of Egypt, 1896-8 • Tirah Expeditionary Force, India, 1897-8 • North-West Frontier of India, 1897-8 • Boxer Rising, China, 1900-1[3]

Besides these conflicts, the Crimean War, 1853-6; the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8; and the Boer War, 1899-1902, involved the British Army in major warfare during this period. Troops also continued to be active in Ireland especially during the Famine, the Young Ireland revolt of 1848 and the Fenian Rising of 1867. Some historians have described this time as the period of Pax Britannica - the smooth and almost peaceful rise of a great empire. In fact, in the 100 years from Wellington’s victory at Waterloo to the start of the 1st World War, there were only 15 years when Britain’s forces were not engaged in bloody conflict in some part of the world.

Colonialism • Imperialism, but involves settlement from the mother country • Types of Rule • Direct Rule • Parent country has removed local colonial government and replaces it with individuals from the parent country • Ex…New Spain in South America • Indirect Rule • Parent country allows local colonial rulers to remain in power • Ex…The 13 American Colonies

African Countries1880-1914

PERTINENT INFORMATION • Population of Africa negatively affected by the slave trade (mid-1600’s – present?) • 1808 – Great Britain & the United States outlawed the slave trade

*There were over twenty-five known kingdoms or empires that participated in the slave trade: • Wolof - located in present day Senegal (1350 - 1890) • Kayor – located in present day Senegal once part of Wolof Empire (1549-1886) • Koya Temne – located in present day northwestern Sierra Leone (1505-1898) • Denkyira - located in border area of present day Ivory Coast and Ghana (1550-1710) • Dagomba – located on border of Ghana and Burkina Faso (1416-1874) • Bono – located in central Ghana west of Lake Volta conquered by Ashanti (1420-1723) • Akim – located in present day southeast Ghana (1500-1911) • Akwamu – located in present day south central Ghana conquered by Akim (1480-1730) • Ashanti – conquered nearly all of present day Ghana (1701-1900 AD) • Popo – located in present day Togo (1750-1883) • Whydah – located in present day central Benin conquered by Dahomey (1580-1727) • Abomey/Dahomey – located in present day central Benin (1600-1894) • Adjatche – located in present day southern Benin (1688-1908) • Benin - located in present day Western Nigeria (1300-1897) • Oyo – located in present day southwest Nigeria (1400-1905) • Nupe – located in present day West Central Nigeria (1531-1805) • Akwa Akpa – located in present day southeast Nigeria (1786-1896) • Bamoun – located in present day west Cameroon (1394-1889) • Mandara – located in northern Cameroon (1600-1902) • Congo – located in northeast Angola (1400-1568) • Sabhanga - located in southeast Central African Republic (1700-1787) • Nzakara – replaced the Sabhanga state in southeast Central Africa Republic (1787-1878) • Kazembe – located in the southeastern present day Dem Rep Congo (1710-1899) • Luba – located in south central portion of the Dem Rep Congo (1620-1889) • Lunda – located in southern Dem Rep Congo bordering Angola (1600-1887)

Slavery declared illegal • Sweden: 1335 • Haiti: 1791, due to a revolt among nearly half a million slaves • Upper Canada: 1793, by Act Against Slavery • France (first time): 1794-1802, including all colonies • Argentina: 1813 • Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela): 1821 • Chile: 1823 • Mexico: 1829 • United Kingdom: 1833, including all colonies • Denmark: 1848, including all colonies • France (second time): 1848, including all colonies • The Netherlands: 1863, including all colonies • The United States: 1865, after the U.S. Civil War (Note: abolition occurred in some states before 1865) • Puerto Rico 1873 and Cuba: 1880 (both were colonies of Spain at the time) • Brazil: 1888 • Zanzibar: 1897 (slave trade abolished in 1873) • China: 1910 • Burma: 1929 • Ethiopia: 1936, by order of the Italian occupying forces • Tibet: 1959, by order of the People's Republic of China • Saudi Arabia: 1962 • Mauritania: July 1980 • Mauritius: February 1, 1835 under the British government. this day is a public holiday

British Controlled Africa • Aldabra Islands • Anglo-Egyptian Sudan • Basutoland • Bechuanaland • British East Africa • British Somaliland • Egypt • Fernando Póo • Gambia • Gold Coast • Nigeria • Northern Rhodesia • Nyasaland • Pemba • Sierra Leone • Southern Rhodesia • Swaziland • Uganda • Union of South Africa • Zanzibar

French Controlled Africa • Algeria • French Equatorial Africa • French Somaliland • French West Africa • Madagascar • Morocco • Tunisia

German Controlled Africa • Cameroon • German East Africa • German Southwest Africa • Togo

Belgian Controlled Africa • Belgian Congo

Italian Controlled Africa • Eritrea • Italian Somaliland • Libya

Spanish Controlled Africa • Annobon • Ifni • Rio de Oro • Rio Muni • Spanish Morocco

Portuguese Controlled Africa • Angola • Mozambique • Portuguese Guinea

Ethiopia • Only African country not to be taken over by a European power • Survived Italian and German conquest • The infrastructure of the country was destroyed during conflicts

Liberia • Established by the United States to return freed slaves to Africa

East Asia • KEY EVENTS • British rule brought stability to India, but destroyed native industries and degraded Indians • Mohandas Gandhi advocated nonviolent resistance to gain Indian Independence from Great Britain • Western nations used political persuasion and military strength to gain trading privileges with China and Japan • China’s internal problems made it easier for western nations to penetrate China and strengthen their influence • Japan’s ability to adopt Western ways and to maintain its own traditions enabled it to develop into a modern, powerful nation • THE IMPACT TODAY • The issues raised by the Opium War continue to be addressed since drug addiction is still a major international problem • Japan has one of the world’s larges industrialized, free-market economies • China’s large market continues to attract Western business and trade

India • Diverse country • Hindus • Muslims • British • Sepoy Rebellion (1857) • British & Indians vs. Sepoy troops • Causes: Cultural divisions, taxes, and rumor • Rule of India • Moguls => British East India Co => The British Govt. • Love/Hate relationship of Indians and British • (see page 777) • Indian National Congress

Famous Indians The Indian struggle is not anti-British, it is anti-exploitation, anti-foreign rule, not anti-foreigners Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic walls Where words come out from the depth of truth Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit Where the mind is led forward by thee Into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake —from Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore Tagore and Gandhi (1940)

China • The Opium War (pg 466) • Tai Ping Rebellion • China’s open-door policy • Boxer Rebellion • Sun Yat-sen (pg 474) • Western influence • Introduction of modern transportation & communication • Creation of an export market • Integration of the Chinese market into the world economy

Japan • The Treaty of Kanagawa • Brought Japan out of isolation and started developing into an imperialist nation • Restoration of the Meiji • Meiji mean “Enlightened Rule” • Forced to become and imperial nation? • Thought-Provoking Questions: 1.Should Japan have the same imperial rights as Great Britain, Germany, or the United States? 2.Why does the white race believe that it is superior to all other races? • Social Darwinism • Rudyard Kipling –”White Man’s Burden” (page 440) • “The world has grown so much accustomed to the idea of white races dominating all others, and overcoming them with comparative ease whenever occasion arises, even in self- defense, to strike the first blow.” --Cowen, Thomas

Anti-Imperialism • The act of revolting against countries who are attempting imperialist controls.

Famous Latin Americans

Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture • Slave in Hispaniola • Led a slave revolt against the Spanish • Defeated the Spanish • 1st successful revolution in Latin America • Free portion of Hispaniola became known as Haiti History of the Haitian Independence Struggle 1791-1804

Father Miguel Hidalgo • Mexican Priest • Led a revolt of Mestizos and Native Americans against the Spanish • Unsuccessful • Hidalgo was captured and killed • Sparked future attempts for Mexican independence

Simon Bolivar • Liberator of Venezuela • Helped Jose de San Martin liberate Peru

Jose de San Martin • Citizen of Argentina • Liberator of… • Argentina • Colombia • Ecuador • Chile • Peru • Freed most of South America from Spanish Control • Believed that the only way for South America to be free was to remove the Spanish from the continent

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • Increased the territories of the US • Texas seceded from Mexico(1836) • Cession of Mexican Territory (1848) • Gadsden Purchase (1853) • Mexican Caudillo • Ruled using military might • Unsuccessful as a ruler

Benito Juarez • Mexican National hero • Caudillo reformer • Followed Santa Anna • Brought liberals ideas to Mexico • Separation of Church & State • Land distribution to the poor • Educational system for all Mexicans

Porfirio Diaz • Mexican dictator • Favored the ruling elite • Eventually forced from power • Began 10 years of revolution

European Imperialism