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Reconstruction and the Failures of a President. The Civil War Amendments and The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Jefferson Davis REPLACED!!!!. Key Political Issues. (The above link will bring up the actual text of the 13th Amendment.). 13th Amendment.
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Reconstruction and the Failures of a President The Civil War Amendments and The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Jefferson Davis REPLACED!!!! Key Political Issues
(The above link will bring up the actual text of the 13th Amendment.) 13th Amendment The 13th Amendment was passed in December 1865. It was the first in a series of 3 “Civil War Amendments” that were passed following the end of the war. This amendment has its origin in the Emancipation Proclamation when Lincoln declared that “all men shall be free”. Therefore 13th formally abolished slavery and any form of involuntary servitude within the United States, except if a person has been convicted of a crime and sentenced to service. This amendment failed to gain the required 2/3 vote in the House of Representative and was hence forwarded on to the states themselves for ratification. Only Mississippi refused to ratify the 13th Amendment, but Johnson still readmitted them to the union.
Provisions of the 13th Amendment • Formally abolishes slavery • Formally abolishes any form of involuntary servitude EXCEPTION: A person can only serve involuntarily IF they are convicted of a crime by a United States court.
Johnson and the Freedman's Bureau The Freedman's Bureau had been created to help ex-slaves after the war. This cartoon depicts Johnson’s veto of the Freedman’s Bureau
Similar to the former “Slave Codes” Black Codes The Black Codes were passed in 1865 and deprived former slaves of their rights to hold meetings (unless whites were present), travel without permits, own guns, inter-marry with white citizens and were an attempt to prevent their economic self-improvement.
14th Amendment In 1866 Congress overrode Johnson’s veto of the Civil Rights Act, that declared that everyone born in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights. This act was an effort to overturn discriminatory laws and the 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. the United States, that declared blacks were NOT citizens. Passed in June 1866 (ratified July 1868), the 14th Amendment extended equal citizenship to African Americans and all people born or naturalized in the United States.
Provisions of the 14th Amendment • Equal citizenship to all born or naturalized in the United States • States cannot deprive anyone of “life, liberty or property” without Due Process of law. • Promised all citizens “Equal Protection” under the law. • EXCLUDED suffrage.
GOAL following Passage.... “The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law, and equality, not separation, was written into the law.” – Robert Bork
Effects seen from the….. 14th Amendment THINK ABOUT IT: What is the first thing you feel when you are done being grounded?
Landmark Cases of the....... 14th Amendment Brown v. Board of Education Plessy v. Ferguson
20th Century Civil Rights Movement JIM CROW LAWS: laws that established and enforced racial segregation. (following the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson
JIM CROW Originated 1830 when a white minstrel blackened his face mocking African Americans. He danced a crazy “jig” to the song “Jump Jim Crow”
The Progression of Segregation and Racism Notice it's happening in Philly, PA
What responsibility does the Federal government have here?
D.W. Griffith "The Birth of a Nation" "The Birth of a Nation" VIDEOmore info.....
15th Amendment “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of Servitude.” Passed in 1869 the 15th Amendment guaranteed all citizens of the United States the right to vote. The amendment did NOT give African Americans the right to hold office and it did not prevent states from “limiting” voting rights through measures such as literacy tests, grandfather clauses or poll taxes. The 15th also did not extend the right to vote to women or Native Americans.
An artists rendering of a Freedman’s first experience voting. THINK ABOUT IT: Imagine that you are an immigrant and have just gained citizenship to the U.S. describe the feelings you have as you vote for the first time. "The First Vote"
VOTING in NJ: Mundy Peterson of Perth Amboy, NJ was the first African American to vote in a national election in 1870
15th - 1869-1870 Voting Rights Act Renewal 2006 Connections to TODAY!! Voting Rights Act 1965
Powers of Congress to enforce the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments DEBATE: QUESTION: How far is Congress allowed to go in regulating suspected violations of equal protection, due process and other basic liberties? Things to CONSIDER: • The Amendments allow Congress to pass “appropriate legislation” • Jim Crow Laws • Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896
Elizabeth Cady Stanton "What about women's voting rights?" Women's Rights Activist
NAACP Timeline 1900-2000 Founded by: Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois et al. Protested against racial injustice Lobbied for African American rights NAACP Homepage
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Johnson took control of the executive branch in 1865 following Lincoln’s assassination. His views regarding the direction that Reconstruction should take were extremely controversial and brought him into conflict with Congress. Johnson was brought up on 11 articles of impeachment citing among other issues “high crimes and misdemeanors”. In 1867 Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act which required Senate approval of a replacement before the President could remove an official earlier confirmed by the Senate. Johnson tested the effectiveness of this act in 1868 when he removed Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton. (a Radical supporter) Congress responded by impeaching the President for, among other issues, violation of the Tenure of Office Act. On May 16, 1868 the Senate failed to remove Johnson from office by 1 vote. Johnson’s impeachment brought to light some issues concerning the activities of an aggressive Congress’ actions against a sitting President.
Andrew Johnson 17th President 1865-69 1st President to be Impeached Was NOT removed from office by 1 vote The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
“The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.“ Constitution
DECISION TIME: Evaluate Johnson's attempt to handle the situation.
Romeo and Mercutio (Note to teacher: This cartoon is a good exercise in cross-curricular activities with English Literature – “Romeo and Juliet”)
Andy Loses Power (Note to teacher: Cross-curricular with English Literature)
Following his Presidency Johnson struggled in politics. He was eventually elected to the Senate, but died 5 months into his term. ARTIST, Thomas Nast creates a self-portrait with Johnson as he re-enters the Senate.
