A Perfect Guide to Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers.

1. Software Quick Guide Knowledge is here where are you  Manual Testing Interview Questions | Top Asked Here you will find Top Asked Manual Testing interview questions list with best solutions, here you can quickly prepare for Manual Testing Interview Questions and make your carrier. Below are the List of Manual Testing Interview Questions are : Ques-1. What is Software Testing? Sol. Software Testing is a way of identifying correctness, completeness and quality of developed software. Software Testing Hierarchy under manual testing interview questions Category of Software Testing Black Box Testing White Box Testing Ques-2. Advantages and disadvantageof Manual Testing? Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

2. Sol. Advantages There are No environmental limitations. Recommendable for dynamically changing GUI Testing. Recommendable for usability Testing. Human Observation is more useful to find potential defects. No prior knowledge of Programming knowledge. disadvantage Require more time and more resources. Less accuracy Regression testing in manual way is tiresome. Comparing a large amount of data is which consume more time. Change in processing change requests during software testing takes more time. Batch Testing is possible, but for each test execution Human user interaction is mandatory. For every release you must rerun the same set of tests which can be tiresome. Executing the same tests, again and again, is time taking process as well as Tedious. Ques-3. What is Unit testing? Sol. Unit Testing is a software testing type where individual components of a software are tested. Unit Testing of software products is carried out during the development of an application. Ques-4.What is Integration Testing? Sol. Integration Testing is the process of testing the interface between the two software units. Integration testing is done in three ways : 1. Big Bang Approach 2. Top-Down Approach 3. Bottom-Up Approach Ques-5. What is Big Bang Approach? Sol. 1. Combining all the modules together and then verifying the functionality after completion of individual module testing. 2. Top-down and bottom-up are carried out by using dummy modules known as Stubs and Drivers. 3. These Stubs and Drivers are used to stand in for missing components to simulate data communication between modules. Ques-6.What is Top-Down Approach? Sol. 1. Testing takes place from top to bottom. 2. High-level modules are tested first and then we can test low-level modules and finally integrating low-level modules to a high level to ensure the system is working as intended. 3. Stubs are used as a temporary module if a module is not ready for integration testing. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

3. Ques-7.What is Bottom-Up Approach? Sol. 1. Testing takes place from bottom to up. Lowest level modules are tested first and then we will test high-level modules and finally integrating the high-level modules to a low level to ensure that the system is working as intended. 2. Drivers are used as a temporary module for integration testing. Ques-8.What is System testing and what we do in this? Sol. 1. System Testing is a stage of testing that validates the complete and fully integrated software product. The purpose of a system test is to evaluate the end-to-end system specifications. 2. In this, we navigate through all the necessary modules of the application and check if the end feature works fine and test the product as a whole system. Ques-9.What is Acceptance Testing? Sol. It is also known as pre-production testing. This is done by the end-users along with the testers to validate the functionality of the application. After successful acceptance testing, formal testing conducted to determine whether an application is developed as per t he requirement. It allows the customer to accept or reject the application. Types of acceptance testing are Alpha, Beta & Gamma. Ques-10.What is Alpha Testing? Sol. Alpha Testing is a stage in Software testing which is performed to identify bugs before releasing the product to real users or public. Ques-11.What is Beta Testing? Sol. Beta Testing is performed by real users of the software application in a real-time environment. It is performed by a client who is not part of the organization. Ques-12.What is Gamma Testing? Sol. Gamma testing is done when the software is ready for release with specified requirements. It is done at the client place.It is done directly by skipping all the in-house testing activities. Ques-13.What is Exploratory Testing? Sol. Exploratory testing is a type of testing in which the simultaneous learning, test design and test execution are done. We can say that in this testing – analysis, test planning, design and test execution are all done together and instantly. The testing is about exploring the system and encouraging real-time and practical thinking of a tester. Ques-14.What is ad-hoc testing? Sol. When a software testing is performed without proper planning and documentation, it is said to be ad-hoc testing. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

4. Ques-15.Difference between Ad-hoc Testing and Exploratory Testing? Sol. Ad-hoc Testing Exploratory Testing Informal Testing Formal Testing It begins with learning application first and then work with actual testing It begins with exploring the application while process learning. Documentation is not needed in this type of testing Documentation is must in this testing It works on the negative testing mostly It works on positive testing niche Ques-16.What is White Box Testing? Sol. White Box Testing based on applications’ internal code structure. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. This testing usually was done at the unit level. White Box Testing is also called Glass Box, Clear Box, and Structural Testing. Ques-17.What is Black Box Testing? Sol. Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which testers evaluate the functionality of the software under test without looking at the internal code structure.Black Box Testing can be applied at any level of software testing such as Unit, Integration, System and Acceptance Testing. Black Box Testing Under Manual testing interview questions Black Box Testing Techniques: Equivalence Partitioning Boundary Value Analysis Decision Table State Transition Equivalence Partitioning: Equivalence Partitioning is also known as Equivalence Class Partitioning. In equivalence partitioning, inputs to the software or system are divided into groups that are expected to exhibit similar behavior, so they are likely to be proposed in the same way. Hence selecting one input from each group to design the test cases. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

5. Boundary Value Analysis: Boundary value analysis is based on testing the boundary values of valid and invalid partitions.For example, a specific field may accept only values between 0 and 99. Testers can focus on the boundary values (-1, 0, 99 and 100), to see if the system is accepting and rejecting inputs correctly. See alsoTop 40 Api Testing Interview Questions And Answers Decision Table: The decision Table is aka Cause-Effect Table. This test technique is appropriate for functionalities which has logical relationships between inputs (if-else logic). In the Decision table technique, we deal with combinations of inputs. To identify the test cases with the decision table, we consider conditions and actions. We take conditions as inputs and actions as outputs. State Transition: In this we pick test cases from an application where we need to test different system transitions.We can apply state transition when an application gives a different output for the same input, depending on what has happened in the earlier state. Ques-18.Which test cases are written first white boxes or black box ? Sol. Black-box test cases are written first compared to white box test cases. Prerequisites to start writing black-box test cases are Requirement documents or design documents. These documents will be available before initiating a project. Prerequisites to start writing white box test cases are the internal architecture of the application. The internal architecture of the application will be available in the later part of the project i.e., designing. Ques-19.What is Smoke Testing? Sol. Smoke Testing is done to make sure if the build we received from the development team is testable or not. It is also called as “Day 0” check.It is done at the “build level”. It helps not to waste the testing time to simply testing the whole application when the key features don’t work or the key bugs have not been fixed yet. Ques-20.What is Sanity Testing? Sol. Sanity Testing is done during the release phase to check for the main functionalities of the application without going deeper. It is also called as a subset of Regression testing. It is done at the “release level”. purpose of Sanity Testing is to determine that the changes in functionality and bug fixes are working as expected. It is also called as “Tester Acceptance Testing”. Ques-21.Difference between Sanity Testing and Smoke Testing? Sol. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

6. S.No Smoke Testing Sanity Testing Smoke Testing is used to perform to ensure that the critical Sanity testing is used to verify the newly added 1. functionalities of the application are working fine. functionalities/ bugs etc are working fine. This testing is done when the build is relatively 2. This testing is done at the initial level. stable. 3. Smoke testing is performed by the developers or testers. Sanity testing is usually performed by testers. Sanity testing is called a subset of regression 4. Smoke testing is called a subset of acceptance testing. testing. Sanity testing is done after the completion of 5. Smoke testing is done on every build. regression testing. Smoke testing is used to test all over the functionality of the Sanity testing is used in the case of only updated or 6. application. detected functions of the application. 7. Smoke testing is may be stable/unstable. Sanity testing is always stable. Smoke testing can be performed either manually/ by using Sanity testing is mostly executed manually, not by 8. automation tools. using any automation tools. Sanity testing verifies only the particular component 9. Smoke testing verifies the entire system from end to end. of the entire system. 10. Smoke testing is mostly documented/scripted. Sanity testing is mostly not documented/scripted. Ques-22. What is Static Testing? Sol. Static Testing involves reviewing the documents to identify defects in early stages of SDLC. Ques-23. What is Dynamic Testing? Sol. Dynamic Testing involves the execution of code. It validates the actual output with the expected outcome. Ques-24. What is Positive Testing? Sol. Positive Testing is done to determine what the system is supposed to do. Ques-25. What is Negative Testing? Sol. Negative Testing is done to determine what the system is not supposed to do. Ques-26. What is Retesting? Sol. Retesting is a checking process of the specific bug after it was fixed. Ques-27. What is Regression Testing? Sol. Regression Testing is a type of testing to confirm that the recent program or code changes have not adversely affected the existing features. Ques-28. Difference between Retesting and Regression Testing? Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

7. Sol. Retesting Regression Testing Retesting is known as planned testing. Regression testing is known as a genetic testing. Retesting is used to ensure the test cases which Regression testing is to ensure that changes have not affected the failed in the last execution are fixed. unchanged part of the product. Retesting is used only for failed test cases. Regression testing is used for passed test cases. Retesting can not be automated. Regression testing can be done either in automation or manual testing. Retesting has a higher priority than regression Regression testing has a lower priority than retesting testing but in testing. some cases, it can be done in parallel with retesting. Ques-29. What is Load Testing? Sol. It is to verify that the system/application can handle the expected number of transactions and to verify the system/application behavior under both normal and peak load conditions. Ques-30. What is Stress Testing? Sol. Stress Testing refers to the testing of software or hardware to determine whether its performance is satisfactory under any extreme condition, which may occur as a result of network traffic, process loading, under-locking or overlocking. Ques-30. What is Performance Testing? Sol. Performance Testing is a non-functional testing technique that determines how the speed, stability, scalability, and responsiveness of an application hold up under a given workload. Ques-31. What is End to End Testing? Sol.End-to-end testing is a methodology used in the software development lifecycle (SDLC) to test the functionality and performance of an application under product-like circumstances and data to replicate live settings. The goal is to simulate what a real user scenario looks like from start to finish. The completion of this testing is not only to validate the system under test but to also ensure that its sub-systems work and behave as expected. Ques-32. What is Usability Testing? Sol. To verify whether the application is user-friendly or not and was comfortably used by an end-user or not. The main focus in this testing is to check whether the end-user can understand and operate the application easily or not. An application should be self-exploratory and must not require training to operate it. See alsoBest 25 LoadRunner Interview Questions And Answers 2023 Ques-33. What is Security Testing? Sol. Security testing is a process to determine whether the system protects data and maintains functionality as intended. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

8. Ques-34. What is Monkey Testing? Sol. Perform abnormal action on the application deliberately in order to verify the stability of the application. Ques-35. What is Globalization Testing? Sol. Globalization testing is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without any changes. Ques-36. What is Test Strategy? Sol. Test Strategy is a high-level document and is usually developed by the project manager. It is a document that captures the approach to how we go about testing the product and achieve the goals. It is normally derived from the Business Requirement Specification (BRS). Documents like Test Plan are prepared by keeping this document as a base. Ques-37. What is Test Plan? Sol. Test Plan is a detailed document that describes the test strategy, objectives, schedule, estimation, deliverables, and resources required to perform testing for a software product. Test Plan document is derived from the Product Description, SRS, or Use Case documents for all future activities of the project. Ques-38. How to write the Test Plan? Sol. It is usually prepared by the Test Lead or Test Manager. 1. Test plan identifier 2. References 3. Introduction 4. Software risk plan 5. Test items 6. Test deliverables 7. Features to be tested/Features not to be tested 8. Approach 9. Items pass/fail criteria 10. Suspension criteria and resolution requirements 11. Environmental needs 12. Staff and training needs 13. Responsibility 14. Schedule 15. Approvals Ques-39. What is Verification in software testing? Sol. Verification is the process, to ensure that whether we are building the product right i.e., to verify the requirements which we have and to verify whether we are developing the product accordingly or not. Activities involved here are Inspections, Reviews, and Walk-throughs. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

9. Ques-40. What is Walk through? Sol.Walk-through is an informal meeting conducts to learn, gain understanding, and find defects for example the author leads the meeting and clarifies the queries raised by the peers in the meeting. Ques-41. What is Inspection? Sol. Inspection is a formal meeting lead by a trained moderator, certainly not by the author. The document under inspection is prepared and checked thoroughly by the reviewers before the meeting. In the inspection meeting, the defects found are logged and shared with the author for appropriate actions. Post inspection, a formal follow-up process is used to ensure timely and corrective action. Ques-42. What is Validation in software testing? Sol. Validation is the process, of whether we are building the right product i.e., to validate the product which we have developed is right or not. Activities involved in this are Testing the software application. Ques-43. What is Test Suite? Sol. Test Suite is a collection of test cases. The test cases are intended to test an application. Ques-44. What is Test Scenario? Sol. Test Scenario gives the idea of what we have to test. A test Scenario is like a high-level test case. Ques-45. What is Test Case? Sol. A test case is a document, which has a set of test data, preconditions, expected results and post-conditions, developed for a particular test scenario in order to verify compliance against a specific requirement. Ques-46. What is Use Case? Sol. A use case tells how a system will behave or perform a certain task provided the given condition. Ques-47. What is Use Case Testing? Sol. In order to identify and execute the functional requirements of an application from start to stop “use case” is used and the technique used to do this is known as use case testing. Ques-48. What are the best practices for writing test cases? Sol. Keeping it Simple and Easy to Understand Including End-User Perspective Using Correct Naming Conventions Providing Test Case Description Including Assumptions Providing Steps Involved Giving Details Of Test Data Making it Reusable Assign Testing Priority Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

10. Provide The Expected Result And Post Conditions Ques-49. What is Test Bed? Sol. An environment configured for testing. Testbed consists of hardware, software, network configuration, an application under test, and other related software. Ques-50. What is Test Environment? Sol. The test environment is the proper setup of hardware and software crafted for the testing teams for executing test cases. Test Environment helps in supporting text execution with network, software, and hardware configured. Key areas to setup for the test environment are: Browser Client OS Network Database server System and applications Test data Front-end running environment Ques-51. What is Test Data? Ans. Test data is the data that is used by the testers to run the test cases. Ques-52. What is Test Closure? Ans. Test Closure is the note prepared before the test team formally completes the testing process This note contains the total no. of test cases, total no. of test cases executed, total no. of defects found, total no. of defects fixed, total no. of bugs not fixed, total no of bugs rejected, etc. Ques-53. What is Test coverage? Ans. Test coverage helps in measuring the amount of testing performed by a set of tests and Test coverage can be done on both functional and non-functional activities. It assists testers to create tests that cover areas that are missing. Ques-54. What is Code coverage? Ans. Code coverage is different from Test coverage. Code coverage is about unit testing practices that must target all areas of the code at least once. It is usually done by developers or unit testers. Ques-55. What are the most common components of a defect report? Ans. Below is the list of the common component needed for defect reporting: Project Name Defect detected on Module Name Defect detected by Snapshot of the defect Defect ID and Name Priority and Severity status Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

11. Defect resolved by Defect resolved on Ques-56. What is a Defect? Ans. The variation between the actual results and expected results is known as a defect. If a developer finds an issue and fixed it by himself during the development phase then it’s called a defect. Ques-57. What is a Bug? Ans. If testers find any mismatch in the application/system during the testing phase then it’s called a Bug. Ques-58. What is Error? Ans. When We can’t compile or run a program due to a coding mistake during the programming then it is called an error. See alsoTop 40+ Cucumber Interview Questions And Answers Ques-59. What is a Failure? Once the product is successfully deployed and delivered to the customer and then if the customer finds any issues then they call the product as a failure product. After release, if an end user finds any issue then that particular issue is called a failure. Ques-60. What is Bug Severity? Ans. Bug/Defect severity can be defined as the impact of the bug on business. It can be Critical, Major, or Minor. Ques-61. What is Bug Priority? Ans. Bug/Defect priority can be defined as how soon the defect should be fixed. Developers decide which defect they should take up next based on its priority. It can be High, Medium or Low. Most of the times the priority status is set based on the customer requirement. Ques-62. Give few examples of Severity and Priority? Ans. High Priority & High Severity: Submit button is not working on a login page and customers are unable to login to the application Low Priority & High Severity: Crash in some functionality which is going to deliver after a couple of releases High Priority & Low Severity: Spelling mistake of a company name on the homepage Low Priority & Low Severity: FAQ page takes a long time to load Ques-63. What is a Critical Bug? Ans. A critical bug is a show stopper which means a large piece of functionality or major system component is completely not working and there is no workaround to move further. Example: “Sign In” button is not working on Gmail App and Gmail users are blocked to login to their accounts. Ques-64. What is HotFix? Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

12. A hotfix is a build aimed at resolving a severe issue found in production. At times, a build executed in the production environment would have some critical errors and it would be rolled back. Now development team kept all their work aside and focus on fixing these errors immediately and release a new build to fix that in the production. This build is referred to as a hotfix Ques-65. What are the different available models of SDLC? Ans. There are 5 models available in SDLC : Waterfall model Spiral model V Model Prototype model Agile Ques-66. What are different Agile/Sprint ceremonies? Sprint Grooming Sprint Planning Daily Scrum/Standup Weekly Review/Demo Sprint Review/Demo Sprint Retrospective Ques-67. What are Authentication and Authorization? Ans. Authentication: Authentication verifies who the user is. Authorization: Authorization determines what resources a user can access. Ques-68. What is Software Testing life cycle(STLC)? The software testing life cycle(STLC) refers to all the activities performed during the testing of a software product. Stages in STLC : 1. Requirement analysis and validation – In this phase, the requirements documents are analyzed and validated and the scope of testing is defined. 2. Planning – In this phase, test plan strategy is defined, estimation of test effort is defined along with automation strategy, and tool selection is done. 3. Design and Analysis – Here, test cases are designed, test data is prepared and automation scripts are implemented. 4. Environment setup – A test environment closely simulating the real-world environment is prepared. 5. Test execution – The test cases are prepared, and bugs are reported and retested once resolved. 6. Closure and reporting – A test closure report are prepared to have the final test results summary, learning, and test metrics. Ques-69. What is SDLC(software development life cycle)? Ans. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a systematic, multistep, iterative process for building and delivering software applications.SDLC process aims to produce high-quality software that meets customer expectations. Stages in SDLC : Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

13. Requirement collection and analysis Feasibility study Design Coding Testing Installation/Deployment Maintenance Requirement collection and analysis : The requirement is the first stage in the SDLC. It is conducted by the senior team members with inputs from all the stakeholders and domain experts in the industry. Planning for the quality assurance requirements and recognition of the risks involved is also done at this stage. Feasibility study : In this stage, we will define and document software needs. This process was conducted with the help of the ‘Software Requirement Specification’ document also known as the ‘SRS’ document. It includes everything which should be designed and developed during the project life cycle. Design : In this third stage, the system and software design documents are prepared as per the requirement specification document. This helps define the overall system architecture. This design phase serves as input for the next phase of the model. Coding : In this stage, developers start build the entire system by writing code using the required programming language. In the coding stage, tasks are divided into units or modules and assigned to different developers. It is the longest phase of the Software Development Life Cycle process(STLC). Testing : Once the coding is done and the software is deployed in the testing environment. The testing team starts testing the functionality of the entire system. During this stage, the testing team may find some bugs/defects which they communicate to developers. The development team fixes the bug and send it back to QA for a re-test. This process continues until the software is bug-free, stable, and working according to the business requirement. Installation/Deployment : Once the software testing stage is over and the software is stable then the final deployment process starts. Based on the feedback given by the project manager, the final software is released and checked for deployment issues if any. Maintenance : Once the system is deployed, and customers start using the developed system, the following 3 activities occur. 1. Bug fixing – bugs are reported because of some scenarios which are not tested at all 2. Upgrade – Upgrading the application to the newer versions of the Software 3. Enhancement – Adding some new features to the existing software Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

14. Ques-70. What is Bug Life Cycle? The bug life cycle is also known as the Defect life cycle. A defect life cycle or Bug life Cycle is a set of state through which bug goes during its entire life. The purpose of defect life cycle is to easily co-ordinate and communicate current state of defect which changes to various assignee to make defect fixing process systematic and less efficient. New : When a tester finds a new defect. He should provide a proper Defect document to the Development team to reproduce and fix the defect. In this state, the status of the defect posted by the tester is “New” Assigned : Defects assigned to the development team by Test Lead/Project Lead/Project Manager and the defect status will change to “Assigned” Open : The Defect is being addressed by the developer and an investigation is under progress. At this stage there are two possible outcomes; viz – Deferred or Rejected. Fixed : When a developer makes the necessary code change and verifies the change, then the status of the bug will be changed as “Fixed” and the bug is passed to the testing team. Verified : The tester re-tests the bug after it got fixed by the developer. If there is no bug detected in the software, then the bug is fixed and the status assigned is “verified.” Closed : After verifying the fix, if the bug no longer exits then the status of the bug will be assigned as “Closed.” Reopen : If the defect remains the same after the retest, then the tester posts the defect using the defect retesting document and changes the status to “Reopen”. Again the bug goes through the life cycle to be fixed. Duplicate : If the defect is repeated twice or the defect corresponds to the same concept of the bug, the status is changed to “duplicate” by the development team. Deferred : In some cases, the Project Manager/Lead may set the bug status as deferred. Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

15. Ques-70. When the Bug will be Deferred? Ans. If the bug is found during the end of the release and the bug is minor or not important to fix immediately. when the bug is not related to the current build. If it is expected to get fixed in the next release. The customer is thinking to change the requirement. In such cases the status will be changed as “deferred” and it will be fixed in the next release. PDF eBook Related Posts: Convert web pages and HTML files to PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API Printed with Pdfcrowd.com

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