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The Science of Biology

The Science of Biology. Chapter 1. I. Introductory Terms. Science: An organized way of using evidence, based on observations, to learn about the natural world. Observations: Information gathered using the senses. 1.Quantitative- involves numbers or measurements

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The Science of Biology

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  1. The Science of Biology Chapter 1

  2. I. Introductory Terms • Science: An organized way of using evidence, based on observations, to learn about the natural world. • Observations: Information gathered using the senses. • 1.Quantitative- involves numbers or measurements • 2. Qualitative-involves characteristics or descriptions not easily measured or counted.

  3. C. Biology: The study of life (living things) • D. Organism: a complete individual living thing • 1.Examples: spider, tree, etc.

  4. II. Characteristics of living things • Living things are Made • up of units called cells • Cell = basic unit of structure and function in all living things • Multicellular = many cells • Unicellular = 1 cell (like bacteria)

  5. Living things Reproduce • Asexual – 1 parent, no joining of sex cells or DNA • Sexual – usually 2 parents, sex cells joined and DNA combined

  6. Living things Grow & develop • Cell division • Cell enlargement • Cell specialization • Living things Respond to stimuli

  7. E.Living things Use energy • Autotroph: make own food (plants) • Heterotroph: eat something • Metabolism: chemical reactions that build up or break down materials

  8. Living things Maintain homeostasis • Regulation of an organism’s internal environment • Optimizes conditions for metabolism

  9. Living things display organization • Cell structures, cells, tissues, and organs work together to support the organism

  10. Levels of Organization Cellular Organization cells organelles molecules atoms The cell is the basic unit of life.

  11. Levels of Organization Organismal Level organism organ systems organs tissues

  12. Levels of Organization Population Level ecosystem community species population

  13. Living things evolve over time • Adaptation: an inherited characteristic that results from changes to a species over time, usually something that helps them survive

  14. Mule: Living or not??

  15. III. The Scientific Method - logical and organized methods of scientific study.SCHyTCo!!

  16. State the problem • The problem must specify how the results can be measured • Format: What effect does the Independent (manipulated) Variable have on Dependant (responding) Variable? • IV: The variable being tested • DV: results of experiment, what you will be measuring.

  17. Good or bad example? • How does drinking pop affect concentration? • Better --> How does drinking mountain dew affect concentration in class? • Best --> How does drinking 1 can of mountain dew affect performance on a memory test?

  18. Collect Background Info – research your problem. • What things would you research for the mountain dew example? • Ex. Amount of caffeine, how caffeine works, how memory works, etc.

  19. Hypothesis = possible solution to problem; an educated guess based on background information • Ex: scores on memory tests will be lower after drinking mountain dew

  20. Test the hypothesis (experiment) • Controlled experiment– all conditions the same except one variable • Experimental group– group exposed to the variable • Control group– not exposed to the variable, used as a comparison • Number of trials: how many times the experiment is repeated

  21. Conclusions • Data – scientific facts collected during experiment • Tables, graphs, charts • Statistics – math that evaluates data • Ex. Average growth rate of frogs during development

  22. Definitions • Theory • an explanation of how a specific natural phenomenon occurs • tested with repeated experiments and observations and found always to work

  23. Law: a rule that describes, but doesn’t explain, a pattern in nature and predicts what will happen under specific conditions

  24. Charles Darwin Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America. Used many observations to develop his ideas Proposed that evolution occurs by natural selection

  25. Darwin’s Evidence Similarity of related species - Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations

  26. Darwin’s Evidence - Darwin realized that not all members of a population survive and reproduce. natural selection: individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce evolution:modification of a species over generations

  27. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence Fossil record Mechanisms of heredity Comparative anatomy Molecular evidence

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