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Divorce, regional family norms and childcare by grandparents in Europe

Divorce, regional family norms and childcare by grandparents in Europe. Maaike Jappens & Jan Van Bavel Interface Demography. Family cultures in Europe Great diversity of norms & attitudes about family life in Europe Northern Europe weak family ties, individualistic, liberal

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Divorce, regional family norms and childcare by grandparents in Europe

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  1. Divorce, regional family norms and childcare by grandparents in Europe Maaike Jappens & Jan Van Bavel Interface Demography

  2. Family cultures in Europe Great diversity of norms & attitudes about family life in Europe Northern Europe weak family ties, individualistic, liberal Southern Europe strong family ties, familialistic, traditional But: heterogeneity between countries & within countries

  3. ‘Traditional family norms’ ESS2: • A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family. • When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women. • When there are children in the home, parents should stay together even if they don’t get along. Principal components analysis Scores of respondents aged 55 or older averaged per NUTS 1 region (Regional classification harmonized with Eurostat’s NUTS system)

  4. Mean component scores for ‘traditional family norms’

  5. Grandparents and childcare • Grandparents are important childcare providers everywhere in Europe • Divorce: weakening of family ties? Less exchange of support? To what extent do mothers rely on children’s grandparents as their main source of childcare? & Is this influenced by the mother’s marital history and by the normative climate of the region they live in? • ‘Mothers’: ESS2, aged 20-54, child(ren) <13 in household

  6. Multilevel logistic regression model Y= grandparents are main source of childcare for youngest child Baseline model: Random effects of NUTS 1 region & country Individual covariates: • Age • Number of children <13 in HH • Employment: in paid work • Level of education • Parents alive • Marital history • In first marriage • Never married, cohabiting with partner          • Never married, single         • Divorced, cohabiting with partner     • Divorced, single         • Widowed

  7. Results of baseline model • Age, • Number of children in HH, • Being in paid work, • High level of education, • Own mother not alive anymore: negatively correlated with grandparents as main source of childcare • Never been married, living with a partner • Being divorced or separated and single negatively correlated with grandparents as main source of childcare

  8. Random effects of multilevel logistic regression (baseline model, logit scale)

  9. Multilevel logistic regression model Y= grandparents are main source of childcare for youngest child Additional individual covariates • Parents (in law) in the household • Traditional family norms Covariate on the regional level • Traditional family norms (people>54) Covariates on the country level • Gross domestic product • Childcare coverage rate 0-2 years Interaction marital history*traditional family norms region

  10. Mothers using grandparents as main type of childcare & childcare coverage rate in country

  11. Mothers using grandparents as main type of childcare & traditional family norms in region

  12. Traditional family norms & mothers ever divorced in region

  13. Results: effect of macro-level variables • Co-residence between mother and parents(in law) is positively correlated with childcare by grandparents • Formal childcare coverage rates are negatively correlated with childcare by grandparents • Traditional family norms • On the regional level: are positively related to childcare by grandparents • Not a significant effect on the individual level • Interaction family norms in region * marital history of mothers: in more traditional regions, being divorced is slightly positively related to childcare by grandparents (but not significant) • No effect of GDP

  14. Conclusions The probability that European mothers rely on grandparents as their main source of childcare is influenced by: • Various individual covariates i.a. marital history (smaller for divorced single mothers) • The childcare coverage rate of their country, but also by • The normative climate of the region they live in Living in a more traditional normative climate does not significantly affect the probability for divorced mothers to mainly rely on grandparents for childcare

  15. maaike.jappens@vub.ac.be

  16. Effects of covariates in multilevel model

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