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Biomass and CHP: Opportunities not only for central and eastern Europe

Biomass and CHP: Opportunities not only for central and eastern Europe. Dr. H. Kopetz Berlin 5. Oktober 2007. Content. Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse. Some facts of the European energy system District heating (DH)-The situation in central and eastern Europe

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Biomass and CHP: Opportunities not only for central and eastern Europe

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  1. Biomass and CHP: Opportunities not only for central and eastern Europe Dr. H. Kopetz Berlin 5. Oktober 2007 Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

  2. Content Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse • Some facts of the European energy system • District heating (DH)-The situation in central and eastern Europe • Efficiency, District heating and biomass: European opportunities Source: The used data are taken from the „Statistical pocketbook 2006“, EU Commission and from „EUROPEAN BIOMASS STATISTICS 2007“, AEBIOM.

  3. AEBIOM, the European Biomass Association, has published a comprehensive report, in September 2007, on the contribution of biomass to the energy system in the EU 27. The report includes all relevant statistical data on biomass and serves as an important referencefor every person employed or interested in the bioenergy sector. A statistical report on the contribution of biomass to the energy system in the EU 27 Price: € 40,- (excl. postal charges) Copies of the report can be ordered via e-mail to vagonyte@aebiom.org Some table of contents-headlines: Biomass: energy content, transformation coefficients, conversion factors Biomass in the European Energy System Land ressources and biomass potential Biomass for heat and electricity Biogas Biofuels for transport AEBIOMEuropean Biomass Statistics 2007

  4. Global warming is the biggest threat to our societies and the economic wellbeing of future generations. Therefore the energy policy has to contribute to the reduction of C0² emissions. The decisions of the European council of March 2007 set the targets; they are very ambitious as the following table demonstrates: Introduction

  5. Climate change and greenhouse gas emissions A succesful strategy against climate change requires a strong reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions: minus 831 Mt until 2020 to comply with the council of 9.3.2007 C02 emissions, EU-25, Million tonnes CO2 Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

  6. The main source of the C0² emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. Given the European energy mix 1Mtoe of fossil fuels releases 2.88Mt C0². This means the use of fossil fuels has to be reduced until 2020 by 300Mtoe to comply with the decisions of the council. Where come the C0² emissions from?

  7. As the following tables show the losses in the energy system are much bigger than the required reduction of fossil fuels, and the additional amount of RES from 2004 to 2020 is not enough to replace 300 Mtoe fossil fuels. Therefore the question : How can the losses be reduced and what can biomass contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases? What does 300 Mtoe mean in relation to the energy system and the potential of RES?

  8. Primary energy consumption and transformation losses, EU 25, 2005Losses occur mainly in thermal power plants without heat use!

  9. The potential of RES as compared to the transformation losses, Mtoe

  10. If we now turn to the final energy, we can see that ca 50% of the final energy is used as heat Heat for warm water, for space heating in the residential, tertiary and industry sector and for industrial processes. Heat in all forms: 50% of the final energy demand

  11. Final energy consumption, EU 25, 2004, Mtoe

  12. The transformation losses are much higher than the potential of the RES One main reason for these losses: the separation of heat supply and electricity production in thermal power plants Traditional thermal power plants have an efficiency of 35 – 40%: this share of the primary energy is converted to electricity, 65 – 60% is wasted as heat, released to the environenment Heat is the biggest market within the energy sector! To supply this market with the waste heat from power plants you need DH-grids! First conclusions

  13. Content Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse Some facts of the European energy system The situation in central and eastern Europe Efficiency, DH and biomass Opportunities for a decentralised heat&power production

  14. In 2003 the total heat demand/capita was ca 13 400kWh (total heat= heat for industry, tertiary and residential sector). In some member states 40% of the needed heat was delivered by DH, in the average only 8%, in some countries less than 4 %. As the following table shows, the nordic and baltic countries are leading in DH. But also the Eastern European countries are well positioned. In these countries DH is 100% above the EU average. A well developed DH grid is a prerequisite for an efficient power production in thermal power plants. In many cases natural gas grids are the main competitors for DH! District heating (DH) in Europe

  15. District heating in Europe, kWh/capitaEU 27, 2003

  16. The lack of sufficient district heating systems in many countries is one main source for the huge losses of energy in the thermal power plants. If we try to use 20% of these losses to heat our cities and industries we could save 120 Mtoe! This is already a big share of the necessary 300 Mtoe reduction of fossil fuels in the frame of the C0² reduction policy. One source of losses:

  17. As the following tables show, between 1992 and 2003 the amount of heat sold in DH systems has been reduced substantially, in some countries by 50 - 70% Bulgaria, Romania, Poland). But still, at present DH is much more developed than in most West European countries. A closer look to Eastern Europe • DH in these countries is very.

  18. A closer look to Eastern Europe:heat sold via DH in Mtoe – rapid decline!

  19. As the following graph shows, the use of biomass in DH in Europe is very low – in the average only 1% of total heat used. There are only a few exemptions like Sweden where they sell 3000 kWh heat/capita in biomass DH systems. In some Eastern European countries they use an increasing amount of biomass for cofiring in coal fired power plants with an efficiency around 30% to comply with the EU directive on RES-electricity and switched from DH to natural gas, which they import from Russia. Biomass in DH in Europa

  20. Biomass heat via district heating: kWh/capita, 2003Heat demand EU 27: ca 560 Mtoe, here of DH: 45.5 Mtoe, hereof biomass: 5.24 Mtoe EU 25 average: 132 Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

  21. The following table shows the situation more in detail. As you can see, in Sweden more than 50% of DH comes from biomass, in Austria almost one third, in EE countries less than 5%. This analysis demonstrates that there is a considerable potential for C0² reduction by substituting fossil fuels by biomass in DH-systems in EE-countries Biomass in DH in EE countries(EE= East Europe) • Amazingly the share of biomass in

  22. District heat(DH) and Biomass District heat(BDH) : in selected countries and EU average kWh per capita

  23. The 7 new member states in central and Eastern Europe released 656 Mt C0² in the year 2004. By substituting fossil fuels by biomass in the present DH systems they would need 16 Mtoe biomass equivalent and could save 45 Mt C02, ca 7% of the present emissions. If they rebuild their not used systems to the level of 1993 and switch to biomass they would need 29 Mtoe biomass and could save 85 Mt C0² or 13 % of their total emissions. The potential to deliver and produce this biomass exists – yet it has to be developed. The price of primary energy in woody biomass is cheaper than in natural gas, given the fact that gas prices increased by 50% in the last 2 years. The lack of capital, of know how, of knowledga and of government support is the main reason for not using these huge potentials for emission reduction so far. A switch from fossil to biomass fuels means: possible C0² reduction up to 85 Mt (13%!)lower operating costsbut high investment costs to change the systems

  24. From 48 Mtoe biomass for heat only 5 Mtoe are used in DH, mainly in SW, Fl, DK, the baltic countries and Austria! Central and Eastern European countries do have DH networks but so far they don‘t use biomass, they offer a huge potential for biomass to heat. Many other countries only have small DH networks and barely use biomass. They need new DH networks and then they also could use biomass. Biomass in DH heating

  25. Content Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse Some facts of the European energy system The situation in central and eastern Europe Efficiency, District heating (DH), biomass:European opportunities

  26. The following 3 tables demonstrate the various possibilities of biomass and the big differences in efficiency and yields/ha between various biomass-to-energy chains. They explain, why AEBIOM is in favor to use more than 80% of the available biomass for heat production and CHP plants, which should be operated heat-driven to maximise the total efficiency. As is shown the efficiency varies from 25% to 90% and the energy output per ha from 1 toe up to 5 toe. Biomass to energy chains: big differences in efficiency and yields/ha • These facts, based on natural

  27. The versatility of biomass Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

  28. Efficiency and conversion technologyefficiency: final energy output in GJ/input inGJ without considering the additional energy needed for the process and the energy in by-products

  29. Final energy/ha based on average yields 2002 -2004, EU 25

  30. Bioenergy: Targets for heat, electricity and fuels, 2020 share of biomass from 4.1% in 2004 to 12 – 14% in 2020! Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

  31. If we seriously want to reduce the C0² emissions by 831Mt, we only can succeed if we use the wasted heat and if we promote the most efficient biomass to energy chains- that is biomass to heat. What does this mean in figures? We follow the council decisions – 20% less heat demand by efficiency gains and better isolation, 20% use of the heat losses of the power generation, efficient use of biomass potential according AEBIOM, substitution of electrical and fossil fuel driven heating systems - and get the following figures: The so far developed facts are integrated into aHeat scenario 2020 (EU 27)

  32. Heat scenario 2020 : changes in the heat supply between 2004 and 2020 in Mtoe based on the decisions of the council spring 2007:

  33. Implementing such a programm would help to save 306 Mtoe of fossil fuels just the amount we need to attain a 20% reduction of C0² emissions. To better evaluate the importance of this issue we compare it with the community goals in the transporation sector and the electricity sector: 10% biofuels means ca 33 Mtoe substituted An increase of electricity production from 15% to 21% means ca 52 Mtoe substituted. As the following table shows only the heat market offers the potential for a substantial decrease of emissions The effects of such a programm on C0² reduction

  34. Scenario C0² reduction 2004 - 2020

  35. C0² reduction in Mt 2004 - 2020 • The EU- heat market offers the biggest potential for C0² reduction by replacing fossil fuels by RES and wasted heat – yet, a new structure of DH in many places is necessary!

  36. The realization of our scenario would require to push ca 200 Mtoe renewable or derived heat into the market – this corresponds to ca 100 Million appartments or houses or 50 Million appartments and a similar heat quantity in tertiary buildings. Experiences show that the replacement of a fossil driven heating system by a RES system or the construction of a new district heating system costs ca 10.000 €/unit. This means 1000 Bn € would be necessary for this restructuring of the European heating system. In comparison the annual Budget of the Union is around 100 Bn €. Some explanations and consequences

  37. Renewable electricity, blended biofuels can be used in the existing energy infratructure and don`t need new appliances, cars or what ever. On the contrary, pellets cannot be burned in a oil burner and district heat cannot be used in a gas burner. Therefore the introduction of RES heat is a question of available capital, of laws or of such high taxes on fossil combustibles that the low operating costs help to overcome the investment burden. Therefore a new European fund for RES heat and retrofitting of buildings is proposed to support the member states and the individuals in financing the huge investments to restructure the European heating system. The obstacles for such a takeoff

  38. So far biomass for heat comes mainly from the European forests. But this supply is limited and in some regions not available. Therefore new perennial crops are neccessary such as SRC, miscanthus, with high energy yields/ha to produce enough biomass. These crops are unknown to the European farmers. They need a 10 to 20 year commitment and don‘t allow annual crop rotation. New schemes have to be developed that make these crops attractive for farmers Additional biomass for heat

  39. Higher taxation on fossil combustibles; example SW,DK ca 200 Euro/1000l heating oil and also on electricity for heat An European fund for renewable heat and isolation of buildings, that cofinances national and regional programs: 10 bn Euro to build DH grids and DH plants based on biomass, to invest in pellets and chip boilers, to save energy in buildings New incentives to grow perennial crops Information, awareness building, training What Instruments can be proposed for this change?

  40. No trading systems for RES obligations Indicative target for RES heat of 25% on EU level Provisions for national action plans - sectoral targets for biomass heat, for DH deployment -for solar thermal and geothermal heat, for biomass to electricity, to fuels, supply concept, - measures how to reach the targets, monitoring. Priority for biomass-to-energy chains with high energy output/ha Sustainable biomass production A new fund for Renewable heat and energy saving in buildings RES-heat: What are the expectations of the sector concerning the new RES directive ?

  41. To meet the targets of the spring council 2007 Europe needs a new structure for the heat supply and the electricity production. * A more decentralised production – electricity production has to follow the heat demand. RES and derived heat has to replace fossil combustibles and electricity in the heating sector. DH networks, chip and pellets boilers, solar thermal installation should be in the center of the new heating supply. Goverment policies are necessary to steer the market forces towards a sustainable heating system. A new structure for heat and electricity supply

  42. The reduction of fossil fuels in the heating sector is a key issue in a policy against global warming and for better security of energy supply. This restructuring requires huge amounts of capital, it also offers many new jobs. Therefore an European fund for renewable heat and DH networks is proposed. Summary

  43. Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit! Thank you for the attention! Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse

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