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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. The Nature of Light Introduction to Quantum Theory Bohr's Theory Quantum Mechanical Description of the Atomic Orbital Orbital Shapes ] Introduction to Quantum Theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Introduction to Quantum Theory > The Nature of Light The Nature of Light • Properties of Waves and Light • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Interference and Diffraction • Planck's Quantum Theory • The Photoelectric Effect Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/introduction-to-quantum-theory-7/the-nature-of-light-63/

6. Introduction to Quantum Theory > Bohr's Theory Bohr's Theory • Emission Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom • The Bohr Model • The de Broglie Wavelength • The Uncertainty Principle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/introduction-to-quantum-theory-7/bohr-s-theory-64/

7. Introduction to Quantum Theory > Quantum Mechanical Description of the Atomic Or... Quantum Mechanical Description of the Atomic Orbital • Description of the Hydrogen Atom • Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps • Quantum Numbers • The Pauli Exclusion Principle • Particle in a Box • Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/introduction-to-quantum-theory-7/quantum-mechanical-description-of-the-atomic-orbital-65/

8. Introduction to Quantum Theory > Orbital Shapes Orbital Shapes • Electron Orbitals • The Phase of Orbitals Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/introduction-to-quantum-theory-7/orbital-shapes-66/

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10. Introduction to Quantum Theory Key terms • amplitudeThe maximum absolute value of some quantity that varies, especially a wave. • amplitudeThe maximum value of the variable reached in either direction. • angular momentumThe vector product that describes the rotary inertia of a system about an axis. • anisotropicThe property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy which implies identical properties in all directions. • atomThe smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • bosonA particle with totally symmetric quantum states. They have integer spin and include many elementary particles, and some (gauge bosons) are known to carry the fundamental forces. • correspondence principleStates that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics (or by the old quantum theory) reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum number. • diffractionThe breaking up of an electromagnetic wave as it passes a geometric structure (e.g., a slit), followed by reconstruction of the wave by interference. • eigenfunctionsA class of mathematical function that is non-zero and returns the same function except for a multiplicative scaling factor when acted on by a linear operator (such as a Hamiltonian). • electromagnetic radiationRadiation (quantized as photons) consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields oriented perpendicularly to each other, moving through space. • electronThe subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. • electron shellThe collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Introduction to Quantum Theory • emissionIn a spectral sense, what occurs when an electron transitions between a higher energy level and a lower one, resulting in the release of a photon of predictable energy. • emissionAct of releasing or giving away, energy in the case of the electron. • fermionA particle with totally antisymmetric quantum states. They have half-integer spin and include many elementary particles. • frequencyThe number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. • frequencyThe number of vibrations per second. • gamma rayElectromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore high energy per photon. • HamiltonianIn quantum mechanics, the observable, denoted by H, that corresponds to the total energy of the system. • indeterminacyThe condition of being indeterminate. • interferenceAn effect caused by the superposition of two systems of waves, such as a distortion on a broadcast signal due to atmospheric or other effects. In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. • molecular orbitalThe quantum mechanical behavior of an electron in a molecule describing the probability of the electron occupying a particular position and energy, which is approximated by a linear combination of atomic orbitals. • momentumThe product of the mass and velocity of a particle in motion. • observableAny physical property that can be observed and measured directly and not derived from other properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

12. Introduction to Quantum Theory • orbitalA specification of the energy and probability density of an electron at any point in an atom or molecule. • phaseAny one point or portion in a recurring series of changes, as in the changes of motion of one of the particles constituting a wave or vibration; one portion of a series of such changes, in distinction from a contrasted portion, as the portion on one side of a position of equilibrium, in contrast with that on the opposite side. • photoelectric effectThe emission of electrons from the surface of a material following the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. • photonThe quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. • probabilityA number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening. In this context, the probability of finding a particle at a given position is of interest and is related to the square of the wave function. • quantumThe smallest possible, and therefore indivisible, unit of a given quantity or quantifiable phenomenon. • quantum field theoryProvides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically represented by an infinite number of degrees of freedom, that is, fields and many-body systems. • quantum numberOne of certain integers or half-integers that specify the state of a quantum mechanical system (such as an electron in an atom). • quantum numberOne of certain integers or half-integers that specify the state of a quantum mechanical system (such as an electron in an atom). • spectrumA range of colors representing light (electromagnetic radiation) of contiguous frequencies; hence electromagnetic spectrum, visible spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum, etc. • spectrumA range of colors representing light (electromagnetic radiation) of contiguous frequencies; hence electromagnetic spectrum, visible spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum, etc. • stopping voltageThe voltage required to completely balance the kinetic energy of electrons ejected from a material's surface. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. Introduction to Quantum Theory • uncertaintyA parameter that measures the dispersion of a range of measured values. • uncertaintyA parameter that measures the dispersion of a range of measured values. • unstableFor an electron orbiting the nucleus, according to classical mechanics, it would mean an orbit of decreasing radius and approaching the nucleus in a spiral trajectory. • waveA shape that alternatively varies between a maximum in two opposite directions. • wavefunctionA mathematical function that describes the propagation of the quantum mechanical wave associated with a particle (or system of particles), related to the probability of finding the particle in a particular region of space. • wavelengthThe distance between one peak or trough of a travelling oscillation and the next; it is often designated in physics as λ and corresponds to the velocity divided by the frequency. • wavelengthThe distance traveled by the wave in a full period (1/frequency). • work functionThe minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of a material. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. Introduction to Quantum Theory Probability density of hydrogen electrons As indicated by the quantum numbers (n, l, ml), this figure depicts probability clouds for the electron in the ground state and several excited states of hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, College Physics. November 5, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m42614/latest/?collection=col11406/1.7View on Boundless.com

15. Introduction to Quantum Theory Hydrogen molecular orbitals The dots here represent electrons. The in-phase combination of the s orbitals from the two hydrogen atoms provides a bonding orbital that is filled, whereas the out-of-phase combination provides an anti-bonding orbital that remains unfilled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Dihydrogen-MO-Diagram.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dihydrogen-MO-Diagram.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

16. Introduction to Quantum Theory Two p-orbitals forming a π-bond If two parallel p-orbitals experience sideways overlap on adjacent atoms in a molecule, then a double or triple bond can develop. Although the π-bond is not as strong as the original σ-bond, its strength is added to the existing single bond. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Two p-orbitals forming a pi bond.."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bondView on Boundless.com

17. Introduction to Quantum Theory Quantum numbers These four quantum numbers are used to describe the probable location of an electron in an atom. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."General Chemistry/The Quantum Atom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/The_Quantum_AtomView on Boundless.com

18. Introduction to Quantum Theory Emission spectrum of nitrogen gas Each wavelength of light emitted (each colored line) corresponds to a transition of an electron from one energy level to another, releasing a quantum of light with defined energy (color). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Nitrogen.Spectrum.Vis."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen.Spectrum.Vis.jpgView on Boundless.com

19. Introduction to Quantum Theory Diagram of the S and P orbitals The s subshells are shaped like spheres. Both the 1n and 2n principal shells have an s orbital, but the size of the sphere is larger in the 2n orbital. Each sphere is a single orbital. p subshells are made up of three dumbbell-shaped orbitals. Principal shell 2n has a p subshell, but shell 1 does not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

20. Introduction to Quantum Theory Emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen Spectral series of hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hydrogen spectral series."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_seriesView on Boundless.com

21. Introduction to Quantum Theory Electron transitions and their resulting wavelengths for hydrogen Three of the transition series in hydrogen (not to scale). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrogen_transitions.svg/400px-Hydrogen_transitions.svg.pngView on Boundless.com

22. Introduction to Quantum Theory The Photoelectric Effect Electrons are emitted from matter by absorbed light. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Photoelectric effect.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photoelectric_effect.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

23. Introduction to Quantum Theory Schroedinger Equation Three dimensional Schrödinger equation as applied to the H atom. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Schrödinger equation."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equationView on Boundless.com

24. Introduction to Quantum Theory The line spectrum of hydrogen Explain how the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen are related to electron energy levels. You need to understand convergence, production of UV, vis, IR, excitation, concentric energy levels and be able to draw the line spectra. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

25. Introduction to Quantum Theory Electrons filling quantum energy levels When a state has only one electron, it could be either spin-up or spin-down. However, according the the Pauli Exclusion Principle, when there are two in a state, there must be one of each. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Materials in Electronics/The Aufbau Principle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Materials_in_Electronics/The_Aufbau_PrincipleView on Boundless.com

26. Introduction to Quantum Theory A.2.1 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum IB Chemistry SL - YouTube This time with equations! Wave number = 1/wavelength in cm Speed of light = wavelength x frequency Energy = Planck's constant x frequency. Dr Atkinson soon moved on to the un-needed gamma rays and improved them to delta rays! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

27. Introduction to Quantum Theory Two Sources of Interference The effect of two waves interfering with each other, for example, two stones thrown into a pool of water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Two sources interference."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_sources_interference.gifView on Boundless.com

28. Introduction to Quantum Theory Diffraction In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Wavelength=slitwidthspectrum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiffractionView on Boundless.com

29. Introduction to Quantum Theory The Bohr atom The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. In this view, electron orbits around the nucleus resemble that of planets around the sun in the solar system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hydrogen spectral series."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_seriesView on Boundless.com

30. Introduction to Quantum Theory Wavelength of EM radiation The distance used to determine the wavelength is shown. Light has many properties associated with its wave nature, and the wavelength in part determines these properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Wavelength."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wavelength.pngView on Boundless.com

31. Introduction to Quantum Theory Behavior of Electrons: Part 3, The Bohr Model of the Atom - YouTube We combine our new found knowledge of the nature of light with Bohr's atomic theory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

32. Introduction to Quantum Theory Doc Physics - Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Derived and Explained - YouTube One of the most-oft quoted results of quantum physics, this doozie forces us to reconsider what we can know about the universe. Some things cannot be known simultaneously. In fact, if anything about a system is known perfectly, there is likely another characteristic that is completely shrouded in uncertainty. So significant figures ARE important after all! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

33. Introduction to Quantum Theory Solutions to the particle in a box problem The first four solutions to the one dimensional particle in a box. Note that just like a guitar string, the solutions to the particle in a box problem are constrained to those wavefunctions that anchor the amplitude at the walls of the box as zero. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Particle in a box."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_boxView on Boundless.com

34. Introduction to Quantum Theory The potential well Energy and position relationships of the particle in a box. Inside the box the potential V(x) is zero. Outside the box the potential energy is infinite. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Particle in a box."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_boxView on Boundless.com

35. Introduction to Quantum Theory The emission spectrum of hydrogen Some of the most common and readily observable series have been named as shown in this image, where n1 is the ground state and n2 are excited states. The various series are named for the atomic energy level they end on (n1). The series limit where n2 is infinite and n1=1 corresponds to the ionization energy of hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hydrogen spectral series."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_seriesView on Boundless.com

36. Introduction to Quantum Theory de Broglie waves Propagation of de Broglie waves in 1 dimension (the real part of the complex amplitude is blue and the imaginary part is green; top: plane wave, bottom: wave packet.). The probability (shown as the color opacity) of finding the particle at a given point x is spread out like a waveform, with no definite position of the particle. As the amplitude increases above zero the curvature decreases, so the amplitude decreases again, and vice versa – the result is an alternating amplitude: a wave. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Propagation of a de broglie wave."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Propagation_of_a_de_broglie_wave.svgView on Boundless.com

37. Introduction to Quantum Theory Doc Physics - de Broglie I include a summary of the hydrogen atom's electronic structure and explain how an electron can interfere with itself in an orbit just like it can in a double-slit experiment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

38. Introduction to Quantum Theory A model of the hydrogen atom This model shows approximate dimensions for nuclear and electron shells (not drawn to scale). It shows a diameter about twice the radius indicated by the Bohr model. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hydrogen%20atom."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atomView on Boundless.com

39. Introduction to Quantum Theory Table relating quantum numbers to orbital shape The relationship between three of the four quantum numbers to the orbital shape of simple electronic configuration atoms up through radium (Ra, atomic number 88). The fourth quantum number, the spin, is a property of individual electrons within a particular orbital. Each orbital may hold up to two electrons with opposite spin directions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Orbitals table."CC BY 4.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbitalView on Boundless.com

40. Introduction to Quantum Theory Interference of two waves These two examples represent constructive (left) and destructive interference (right) in wave phenomena. When the two waves are "in phase," their periods are offset by 2nπ*period. However, when they are precisely out of phase, destructive interference results if the phase difference is nπ*period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Interference of two waves.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Interference_of_two_waves.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

41. Introduction to Quantum Theory Properties of the electromagnetic spectrum The wavelengths of various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are shown alongside an approximate proxy for size of the wavelength. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:EM Spectrum Properties edit.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

42. Introduction to Quantum Theory Sinusoidal wave This image shows the anatomy of a sine curve: the crest is the peak of each wave, and the trough is the valley; the amplitude is the distance between the crest and the x-axis; and the wavelength is the distance between two crests (or two troughs). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sine_wave_amplitude.svg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sine_wave_amplitude.svgView on Boundless.com

43. Introduction to Quantum Theory Young's double slit experiment If light were purely a particle, it would not exhibit the interference pattern shown here. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Single and double slit 4."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single_and_double_slit_4.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. Introduction to Quantum Theory Attribution • Wikipedia."Uncertainty principle."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle • Wiktionary."uncertainty."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uncertainty • Wiktionary."momentum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/momentum • Wikipedia."Particle in a box."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box • Wiktionary."probability."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/probability • Wiktionary."wavefunction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wavefunction • Wikipedia."Emission (electromagnetic radiation)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation) • Wikipedia."Hydrogen spectral series."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series • Wiktionary."spectrum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spectrum • Wiktionary."emission."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emission • Wikipedia."Atomic Orbital."CC BY-SA 4.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital • Wikipedia."Magnetic quantum number."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_quantum_number • Wikipedia."Quantum numbers."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_numbers • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/angular-momentum • Wiktionary."quantum number."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantum_number • Wiktionary."quantum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantum • Wikibooks."General Chemistry/The Quantum Atom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/The_Quantum_Atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

45. Introduction to Quantum Theory • Wiktionary."wavelength."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wavelength • Wiktionary."frequency."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency • Wikipedia."De Broglie wavelength."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_wavelength • Wiktionary."electromagnetic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electromagnetic • Wikipedia."quantum field theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/quantum%20field%20theory • Wikipedia."Wavefunction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction • Wikipedia."Hydrogen atom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom • Wiktionary."atom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom • Wikipedia."Double-slit experiment."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiment • Wiktionary."wave."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wave • Steve Lower's Website."Light, particles and waves."CC BYhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/atoms/atpt-2.html • Wikipedia."Interference (wave propagation)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation) • Wiktionary."diffraction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diffraction • Wikipedia."Diffraction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction • Wiktionary."interference."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interference • Wiktionary."amplitude."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude • Wikipedia."Electromagnetic spectrum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum • Wikipedia."photon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photon • Wiktionary."spectrum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spectrum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

46. Introduction to Quantum Theory • Wiktionary."gamma ray."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gamma_ray • Wiktionary."work function."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/work_function • Wikipedia."Photoelectric effect."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect • Wikipedia."Pauli exclusion principle."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle • Wiktionary."electron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron • Wiktionary."fermion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermion • Wiktionary."boson."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boson • Wikipedia."Molecular orbital diagram."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram • Wiktionary."molecular orbital."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecular_orbital • Wiktionary."phase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phase • Steve Lower's Website."Hybrid orbitals - 1."License: Otherhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/cb06.html • Wikipedia."Bohr model."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model • Wiktionary."emission."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emission • Wiktionary."spiral."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiral • Wiktionary."unstable."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unstable • Wikipedia."Popper's experiment."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper's_experiment • Wikipedia."Quantum indeterminacy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy • Wikipedia."Probability density function."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function • Wiktionary."uncertainty."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uncertainty Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

47. Introduction to Quantum Theory • Wiktionary."observable."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/observable • Wiktionary."indeterminacy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indeterminacy • Wikipedia."Schrödinger equation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation • Wiktionary."Hamiltonian."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hamiltonian • Wiktionary."quantum number."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantum_number • Wikipedia."Hydrogen atom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atom%23Solution_of_Schr.C3.B6dinger_equation:_Overview_of_results • Wikipedia."Plank Constant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant • Wiktionary."electromagnetic radiation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electromagnetic_radiation • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/photoelectric-effect • Wikipedia."Quantum mechanics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics • Wikibooks."General Chemistry/Introduction to Quantum Theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Quantum_Theory • Wiktionary."orbital."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orbital • Wiktionary."electron shell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron_shell • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com