Word War II is over. Key Questions for the United States and the allies?

1. Word War II is over. Key Questions for the United States and the allies? • What condition is Europe in following WWII? • What should be done with Germany? • What should be done with Japan? • What should be done about the Holocaust? • What about the rest of the world?

2. Recovery EUROPE: The Marshall Plan GERMANY • Occupied by USA, United Kingdom, France, and Soviet Union JAPAN - Occupied by USA, United Kingdom • Led by Douglas MacArthur • Allowed to have “self-defense” force

3. The United Nations The United Nations (U.N.) • In 1945, 50 nations signed the United Nations (UN) Charter • The strongest arm of the UN was the Security Council, 5 permanent members -China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States , , composed of the The UN has nearly 200 members now • More effective than the League of Nations

5. Extract from "Design for Reconstruction" Proposed Address for Secretary Marshall June, 1947, drafted May 20, 1947 "What will happen if we do not provide adequate funds and commodities for subsistence and reconstruction abroad? This, I think, is hardly questionable: what if adequate help from the United States is not forthcoming, many of our allies in the late war ... will be obliged the months to come to cease imports of food and reconstruction material. Should this happen, human want, economic collapse, political crisis, collapse of democratic institutions, growth of extremism, and perhaps loss of independence would in many countries quickly follow. Our hopes for peace and prosperity would quickly vanish. We would live in unprecedented isolation. We would live in growing poverty. We would live in growing fear."

6. One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion. This was a fundamental issue in the war with Germany and Japan. Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations.To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations, The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressivemovements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.

8. War Trials Germany – Nurembourg Trials • “crimes against humanity” Japan – Tokyo Trials -Class A crimes

9. The Beginning of the Cold War • The “Big Three” meet at Yalta in February 1945 • Churchill (Great Britain) • Roosevelt (USA) • Stalin (Soviet Union) • To discuss Europe’s post-war reorganization • Focused on governing post-war Germany

10. The Beginning of the Cold War • It was clear that the post-war world would fall into two camps • The West: democracy and free enterprise • USA • The East: dictatorship and communism • Soviet Union • The Iron Curtain forms

11. The Cold War 1945-1968 Prepared by K. P. Kishore

12. New Countries • Decline of European imperialism • Again, imperialism is when a stronger country controls a weaker country • World War II raised the hopes of African and Asian colonies that they would eventually achieve Independence

13. Superpowers • Two Major World Powers • The Iron Curtain • Whereas the United States defeated the Axis Powers in Western Europe, the Soviet Union defeated the Axis Powers in Eastern Europe • East vs. West

14. Cooperation • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established in April, 1949 • Prevent an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America by the Soviet Union. • Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. • East (Communist) and West Germany (Democratic) founded as separate nations

15. Cooperation/Alliances • Warsaw Pact • Prevent an armed attack against one or more of the Warsaw Pact nations by NATO forces • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. • East Germany joined in 1956.

16. The Cold War 1945-1968 Prepared by K. P. Kishore

17. The Beginning of the Cold War • NATO Countries • United States • United Kingdom • France • Italy • Belgium • Netherlands • Luxembourg • Portugal • Canada (+ 3 more) • Warsaw Pact Countries • Soviet Union • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Poland • Hungary • Romania • Bulgaria • Albania

18. The UN Declaration of Rights o The United Nations adopted this declaration: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights o Examples of human rights: Everyone has the right to Life, liberty, and personal security. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment_

19. The Beginning of the Cold War

20. The Beginning of the Cold War • The spread of communism throughout the world was a clear threat to western democracy and free enterprise • The fear was that if one country fell, many more would follow. This is known as the “Domino Theory.”

21. The Beginning of the Cold War • The West fought the spread of communism with a policy of: CONTAINMENT • President Truman’s plan to stall the spread of communism through military, economic, and diplomatic strategies

27. Deterrence • Be prepared for the Soviet Union to use nuclear weapons against us • Mutually assured destruction: if nuclear weapons were used, we would both be destroyed • Ensured that we never fought the Soviet Union directly

28. Did we ever go to war with the Soviet Union? • No… • But we came close during the Cuban Missile Crisis

29. Hot Spots in the Cold War • Although the United States and Soviet Union never fought each other directly, the two countries fought for their beliefs in other countries • United States strategy = containment (keep Communism from spreading) • Ex. The United States fought Communism in Korea and Vietnam; the Soviet Union and other Communist countries probably supplied those who we were fighting • We still never fought the Soviet Union directly!

30. The Korean War (1950-1953) • After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries, North Korea and South Korea • North Korea = Communist • South Korea = non-Communist • North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 • President Truman committed U.S. troops under UN authority to defend South Korea (UN can enforce its decisions!) • U.S. was successful for awhile but was defeated by Chinese forces who helped North Korea • War reached a stalemate • 1953: an armistice was signed, leaving Korea divided along the line that had existed prior to the war—the 38th parallel

31. Korean War Map • http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/korean_w.gif

32. The Vietnam War (early 1960s-1973) • Ho Chi Minh, a Communist leader, fought a war for independence against the French and declared Vietnam’s independence • After Vietnam gained independence, it was divided into two nations • North Vietnam = Communist (allied with Soviet Union and China); Ho Chi Minh was the leader • South Vietnam = non-Communist (supported by the United States)

33. The Vietnam War (Continued…) • Although the South was non-Communist, there was a group of Communist guerilla fighters • The U.S. at first committed “advisers” to the South Vietnamese, but later committed 500,000 U.S. soldiers • After significant protests in the late 1960s in the U.S., President Nixon began withdrawing troops in 1969 • In 1973, a peace agreement was signed • In 1975, North Vietnamese forces conquered the south • Result = Communist Vietnam

34. Vietnam War • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnnLrmboOYE&feature=PlayList&p=36EBB05E9F346E12&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=39

35. Reasons the Cold War Ended • Nationalism in the Warsaw Pact countries • These countries were tired of being controlled by the Soviet Union; they wanted their “independence” • Poor performance of Communist economies • People were poor; it was difficult to get food • Reforms by Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet General Secretary) • Opened Soviet Union to capitalism • Glasnost = opening • Perestroika = restructuring

36. Reasons the Cold War Ended (Continued…) • President Ronald Reagan: “Tear down this wall” • The Berlin wall was torn down • Germany was unified • Expansion of NATO • Countries that were formerly part of the Warsaw Pact joined NATO

37. The End of the Cold War • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/video/reagan_27_wm.html#v155

38. Berlin Airlift • Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48 • From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. • After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade.

39. Operation Vittles • All of the necessities for the city's 2.5 million residents -- an estimated 4,500 tons of food, coal and other materials each day -- had to enter the city by air. • On its biggest day, the "Easter parade" of April 16, 1949, the airlift sent 1,398 flights into Berlin -- one every minute. • Before it was all over, more than 278,000 flights would carry 2.3 million tons of relief supplies.

40. 1949 – Fall of China • In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated by Mao • Flee to island of Taiwan • Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow, • negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

41. Vietnam War

42. U.S. Public Opinion/Reaction to war in Vietnam

44. 1979 - Afghanistan • December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government. • U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988. • Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”

45. 1985 - Gorbachev comes to power • On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. • Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform. • perestroika • Economic reform- restructuring • glasnost • means openness, allowed greater free expression and criticism of Soviet policies

46. 1989 - Berlin Wall falls • Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe. • On September 10, Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West. • After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

47. Fall of Berlin Wall

49. 1990 – German unification • At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the two Germanys agreed to end Allied occupation rights in Germany. • On October 3, East and West Germany united as the Federal Republic of Germany.