I. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia A. Decline and Fall in Han China

2. I. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern AsiaII. The Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireIII. The Development and Spread of World Religions

3. I. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia • A. Decline and Fall in Han China • Han recover in 1st century C.E. • Yellow Turbans • 184 C.E., revolution • Han falls in 220 • Three kingdoms emerge • Buddhism attractive • Attacked by Daoists • Spreads through China by 400 • Modified by Chinese • Influences Daoism • Confucianism declines • Late 6th century • Sui dynasty reunites China • Tang • Succeed, 618 Asia, c. 600 C.E.

4. I. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia • B. The End of the Guptas: Decline in India • Chandragupta II • Height of Gupta dynasty • Huns • Invade in 5th century • Control northwest by 500 • Gupta dynasty loses power, 550 • Harsha • Later Gupta • Rules smaller state briefly • Rajput • Follow Harsha's rule • Buddhism displaced by Hinduism • Devi - mother god • Caste system stronger • Muslim invaders • 7th century • Control Indian Ocean by 700 Indian Ocean Trading Routes in the Classical Period

5. II. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire • A. The Causes of Roman Decline • Decline from late 2nd century C.E. • Challenges • Population declining • Army recruitment difficult • Conquest ceases • Source of slavery ended • Tax revenues less • Constitutional crises • Plagues • Former ruling class devoted to leisure • Germanic peoples recruited

6. II. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire • B. The Process of Roman Decline • Great estates grow • Decline of small farmers • Diocletian (284-305) • Reorganization • Economic control • Increased administration • Constantine (312-337) • Capital at Constantinople • Converts to Christianity • Romulus Augustulus • Last western Roman emperor • Deposed, 476

7. II. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire • C. Results of the Fall of Rome • Mediterranean unity ended • Three zones created • Byzantine Empire • Greatest continuity • North Africa, southern Mediterranean • Substantial disruption • Regional kingdoms • Muslim and Christian • Europe • Germanic kingdoms emerge • Civilization declines • Christian unity Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions

8. III. The Development and Spread of World Religions • A. Christianity and Buddhism Compared • Commonalities: • Focus on spiritual • Monastic movements • Afterlife • Mahayana • Savior of Chinese Buddhism • Bodhisattvas and priests • Differences: • Christianity • Hierarchy, church • Missionizing • Exclusive truth

9. III. The Development and Spread of World Religions • B. Early Christianity • Jewish reform movement • Tenets • One loving god • Christ's sacrifice won afterlife • Paul of Tarsus • Instrumental in forming Christian religion

10. III. The Development and Spread of World Religions • C. Christianity Gains Ground • Approx. 10% of empire by 300 • Constantine converts, legalizes Christianity • West • Bishops important • Church inherits secular structure • Doctrinal disputes • Council of Nicaea, 325 • Leo I • First powerful pope • Augustine • Philosopher • Important in forming Christian theology • Monasticism • Important in preservation of learning • Benedict of Nursia • Benedictine Rule, 6th century • Basil • Organizes Orthodox monasticism

11. III. The Development and Spread of World Religions • D. The New Religious Map • E. In the Wake of Decline and Fall • China • Political cohesion • India • Culturally unified • Roman Empire • Most affected • Least continuity