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Sospeter Muhongo University of Dar Es Salaam s.muhongo@bol.co.tz profmuhongo.sospeter@gmail

Global Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Trends: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Development – The Role of Parliament. Launching the African Inter-Parliamentary Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation (AIPF-STI). Sospeter Muhongo University of Dar Es Salaam

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Sospeter Muhongo University of Dar Es Salaam s.muhongo@bol.co.tz profmuhongo.sospeter@gmail

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  1. Global Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Trends: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Development –The Role of Parliament Launching the African Inter-Parliamentary Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation (AIPF-STI) Sospeter Muhongo University of Dar Es Salaam s.muhongo@bol.co.tz profmuhongo.sospeter@gmail.com ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Monday, 02 May 2011

  2. THE AFRICAN PARLIAMENT: In case of STI • Promote and Facilitate the Sustainability of Sound Livelihood of the African population through the deployment of STI MAIN ACTION LINES: • Promote and Facilitate the Generation of Knowledge for Competitive, Robust and Predictable Economic Growth • Support sustainability of sound STI Educational, Training and R&D Infrastructure, including National Innovation Systems ●Promote and Facilitate Commercialization of Africa’s R&D products • Promote and Facilitate the Generation, Growth & Retention of Quality STI Human Resource

  3. Global Population Growth from 1750 to 2050

  4. GLOBAL POPULATION 2010 World 6.9 billion Asia4.2 billion 60% Africa 1.03 billion 15% Europe 733 million 10% S. America 589 million 8.5% N. America 352 million 5.1% Oceania 36 million 0.5%

  5. EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATIONUNESCO Report 2010 % OF TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE (most recent) A-Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Botswana: 25.6% 2. Guinea: 25.6% 3. Comoros: 24.1% 4. Kenya: 22.1% 5. Burundi: 21.8% B-EMERGING BIG ECONOMIES 1. China: 12.9% 2. India: 12.7% 3. Brazil: 12% B-ESTABLISHED BIG ECONOMIES 1. UK: 11.5% 2. France: 11.4%

  6. QUALITY EDUCATION(Secondary School Enrolment Data, UNICEF 2009) Sec Sch. Enrols.(%) Sec Sch. Enrols. Female (%) Africa 31% GDP/capita (US$) 29% Sub-Saharan Africa 30 28 Mauritius 80 6,734.50 81 South Africa 72 5,785.99 74 Kenya 49 738.05 48 Nigeria 26 1,118.11 22 Senegal 25 1,022.96 22 Brazil 82 8,121.50 85 UK 93 35,164.86 95 France 98 41,050.89 99

  7. Critical Mass of Competent African Experts: Sustainable Development Number of scientists/engineers vs. population: Africa: less than 1 per 10,000 inhabitants Uganda: 35 Radiologists for 30 million people (1 radiologist treats 1.2 million people) ca.2.5 million new engineers are needed in SSA just to ensure provision of CLEAN WATER and SANITATIONto everyone European Standards: 6 researchers per 10,000 inhabitants 2008 Scandinavia: 70 per 10,000 inhabitants China: 2008 – 25 researchers per 10,000 inhabitants 2020 - 43 researchers per 10,000 inhabitants

  8. THE AFRICAN PARLIAMENT:HEAVY INVESTMENT IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR PRIORITY NO. 1 QUALITY EDUCATION AT ALL LEVELS Major Funding Sources: Government: Central & Local Private Sector Foundations & other NGOs

  9. 21st Century Economic Prosperity =Knowledge+Technology+ Innovation Share of World's papers in Science, Medicine and Engineering (2007)

  10. GENERATION OF KNOWLEDGE (2008) WORLD SHARE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS A- Africa 1. Africa: 2% 2. South Africa: 0.5% (PhDs: 1,200 per annum) B-EMERGING BIG ECONOMIES 1. China: 10.6% 2. India: 3.7% 3. Brazil: 2.7% (PhDs: 10,000 per annum) B-ESTABLISHED BIG ECONOMIES 1. UK: 7.2% 2. France: 5.8% 3. Germany: 7.7% 4. USA: 27.7%

  11. Generation of Knowledge: South Korea vs AfricaIndia vs SADC Average: 2003-2008 South Korea’s share of ISI-listed S&E papers is 1.6 times that of the entire African continent 2004-2008: WORLD’S SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS SADC (15 COUNTIRES): 0.79% of world’s publications INDIA: 2.9% of world’s publications Source: TWAS, May 2008

  12. KNOWLEDGE FOR ECONOMIC PROSPERITY (2007) WORLD’S PATENTS REGISTRATION (USPTO patents) A- Africa 1. Africa: 0.1% 2. South Africa: 0.1% B-EMERGING BIG ECONOMIES 1. China: 4.7% 2. India: 0.5% 3. Brazil: 0.1% B-ESTABLISHED BIG ECONOMIES 1. UK: 2.6% 2. France: 2.3% 3. Germany: 6.2% 4. USA: 52.2%

  13. Patent Data on Cassava (2005-2010) From esp@cenet-worldwide, Matheo Patent Software

  14. AFRICA’S ECONOMIC PROSPERITY THROUGH TIME AFRICA’S SHARES IN THE WORLD TRADE 19632006 EXPORTS 5.7% 3.1% IMPORTS 5.2% 2.4%

  15. THE AFRICAN PARLIAMENT:R&D BUDGETS PRIORITY NO. 2: HEAVY INVESTMENT IN R&D In 2008 SHARE OF GDP: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD) A- Africa 1. South Africa: 0.93% 2. Majority of African countries range: 0.1-0.6% (>1.0 GDP?????) B-EMERGING BIG ECONOMIES 1. China: 1.5% 2. India: 0.88% 3. Brazil: 1.13% B-ESTABLISHED BIG ECONOMIES 1. UK: 1.88% 2. France: 2.02% 3. Germany: 2.63% 4. USA: 2.76%

  16. 2010 Top Universities in the World: 21 September 2010 1. University of Cambridge, UK 2. Harvard University, USA 3. Yale University, USA 4. University College London, UK 5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA 6.University of Oxford, UK 7. Imperial College London, UK 8. University of Chicago, USA 9. California Institute of Technology (Caltech) , USA 10. Princeton University, USA Africa: No. 161 – University of Cape Town, South Africa

  17. Quality Higher Education & Quality Research University of Cape Town: Est. 01 October 1829 Rank No 1 in Africa Rank No 161 in the World: QS World University Rankings No of Students: 23, 500 Undergraduate: 15,800 Postgraduate: 6,700 No of Staff: 4,500 Endowment 2010: US$ 300 Million Nobel Laureates: 5 of the University's graduates • In 1950, Ralph Bunche, Nobel Peace Prize • In 1951, Max Theiler, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine • In 1979, Prof Allan McLeod Cormack, Nobel Prize in Medicine • In 1982, Sir Aaron Klug, Nobel Prize in Chemistry • In 2003, Prof J M Coetzee, Nobel Prize in Literature

  18. THE AFRICAN PARLIAMENT:STI Focus Areas for Eradication of Poverty African Governments and their Parliaments: • Education: Quality at all levels • Energy: Reliable Availability and Affordable • Water: Available and Affordable for domestic, agricultural and industrial consumption • Food & Nutrition Security • Health Services: Quality, Reliable, Affordable • Industrial & Agricultural Materials • Transport: Roads, Railways, Marine, Airways • Environmental Protection: Climate Change - Mitigation & Adaptation 9. STI Policies & Implementation: Monitoring/Evaluation/Review Plans ╙►► 10. ICTs: fundamental tool for all focus areas

  19. 2008 WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION(source: www.solcomhouse.com) % World Population % Energy Consumption Africa 14.0 3.0 India 16.6 3.1 China 21.2 16.0 USA 4.6 21.0 Japan 2.1 5.8 Germany 1.3 3.9 France 0.9 2.9 UK 1.0 2.6

  20. ELECTRICITY IN AFRICA Total World Electricity Generation by Fuel (2006) 1.Coal: 41% 2. Gas: 20% 3. Hydro: 16% 4.Nuclear: 15% 5. Oil: 6% 6. Others: 2% Include: solar, wind, geothermal & bio-energies The importance of coal to electricity generation worldwide is set to continue, with coal fuelling 44% of global electricity in 2030. Coal in Electricity Generation: (1) South Africa 93% (2) Poland 92% (3) PR China 79% (4) Australia 77% (5) Kazakhstan 70% (6) India 69% (7) Israel 63% (8) Czech Rep 60% (9) Morocco 55% (10) Greece 52% (11) USA 49% (12) Germany 46%

  21. Energy Resources of Africa Primary Energy sources: ♦ Coal – ca. 6% of world’s reserves, to last >300 years Electricity Production: 4.3% Consumption: 0.5% ♦ Natural Gas – ca. 8% of world’s reserves, to last >50 years2020: Africa will account for 20% of global oil & gas discoveries Electricity Production: 7% Consumption: 3.1% ♦ Oil – ca.10% of the world’s reserves Electricity Production: 12% Consumption: 3.4% ♦ Nuclear- Uranium reserves to last >100 years ♦ Hydro-power: about 12% of the world’s total

  22. ENERGY FOR THE MAJORITY IN AFRICARealistic for the majority in the Developing World Renewable Energies: Energy of the Future ♦ Bio-Energies ♦ Bioethanol (Brazil produces 35% of the world’s ethanol) ♦ Biodiesel: Jatropha curcas: drylands in Africa Italy: Jatropha project, US$ 20 million, 70 hectares in Mozambique ♦ Biogas ♦ Biomass ♦ Solar: Northern Africa: Euro Desertec Solar Project, Euro 400 billion ♦ Wind: (a) Red Sea (Gulf of el Zayt): Germany-200 MW (Euro 340 million), a large wind farm in Africa, (b) South Africa: 100 MW Hopefield wind farm ♦ Geothermal: Kenya (2010)-209 MW, new projects 280 MW (2012-2013) ♦ Ocean – (a) waves/tides, (b) hydrocarbons on the sea-bed ♦ Fusion Power: Hydrogen/Helium: Hydrogen Car in the offing is the process driving the Sun and others in the Solar System. It generates large quantities of heat by fusing the nuclei of H or He isotopes, which may be derived from seawater.

  23. Energy in sub-Saharan Africa (2003 to 2007) %age of population with access to electricity (some examples) Countries having Academies of Sciences: 1. Mauritius: 99.4% 2. South Africa: 75% 3. Ghana: 54% 4. Nigeria: 46.8% 5. Senegal: 42% 6. Zimbabwe: 41.5% 7. Cameroon: 29.4% 8. Kenya: 15% 9. Mozambique: 11.7% 10. Uganda: 9% November 2010: 17% of the population in Mozambique had electricity in their homes. 15% of the population in Tanzania had access to electricity

  24. Mauritius99.4% of the population has access to electricity 20102025 Bagasse - 353.6 GWh (Biomass) 16% 17% Coal – 875 GWh 43% 40% HFO - 907.8 GWh (Heavy Fuel Oil) 37% 25% Hydro - 122.4 GWh 4% 2% Wind - 1.5 GWh 0% 8% Solar PV 0% 2% Geothermal 0% 2% Waste to Energy (Biogas) 0% 4% ╙►Total = 100%

  25. South Africa: 2010-2030 Energy Mix75% of population has access to electricity ●Coal: 48% ●Renewable Energies: 16% ●Nuclear: 14% ●Gas: 9% ●Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity: 11% ●Hydro-power (imported): 2% ╙►Total = 100%

  26. USA: 2009 Electricity Generation by source 1. Coal: 44.9% 2. Natural Gas: 23.4% 3. Nuclear: 20.3% 4.Hydroelectric (conventional): 6.9% 5. Other Renewables: 3.5% 6. Petroleum: 1.0% ╙►Total = 100%

  27. GLOBAL STI RESEARCH TREND ON ENERGY ENERGY OF THE FUTURE: (1) RENEWABLE ENERGIES EUROPEAN STRATEGY: 2007: Total power generation from the Renewable Energy Sources accounts for 6.5% of the total 2020: The target is to reach 20%

  28. SOLAR ENERGY:Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Energy

  29. SOLAR ENERGY: Nanosolar Cells ●NANOTECHNOLOGY promises to provide a new generation of NANOSOLAR CELLS much CHEAPER and MORE EFFICIENT than current solar cells based on silicon ●Thin-film solar panels coated with nanoparticle sheets (rolling off machines like pages of newspapers at a rate of several hundred sheets per minute) promise to reduce production costs to US$1 per Watt

  30. GLOBAL SOLAR POTENTIAL (Source: DLR 2009, Derived from NASA SSE 6.0 Dataset (NASA 2009) (S Source: DLR 2009, which was derived from NASA SSE 6.0 dataset (NASA

  31. GLOBAL TREND: RENEWABLE ENERGIES SOLAR AFRICAN CITIES/TOWNS Main factors motivating African cities and towns to promote and install solar energy. The market drivers include: • Economic Development: Global Solar Energy market increasing by 40% every year – expected to grow from: US$13 billion to US$32 billion by 2012: (a) Creating Local Solar Companies & Markets (b) Taxes for Central & Local Governments

  32. GLOBAL TREND: RENEWABLE ENERGIES SOLAR AFRICAN CITIES/TOWNS (2) Job Creation – Solar Industry Jobs are expected to increase 26% by August 2011 in USA, compared to expected growth of 2% for the rest of the economy. (3) Reduced Energy Costs – Solar, particularly when financed with a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), often brings about reduction in energy costs immediately with no or low initial capital costs (4) Climate Protection – Reduce Carbon Emissions in African cities and towns.

  33. Wind Energy: 1980-2008

  34. 2008 DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD WIND POWER CAPACITY

  35. BEST EXAMPLE IN AFRICA: EGYPT (Source: GWEC – GLOBAL WIND REPORTS)

  36. GLOBAL WATER STRESS & SCARCITY • WATER STRESS: ╙► Annual Water Supply drops below 1,700 m3 per person • WATER SCARCITY: ╙► Annual Water Supply is below 1,000 m3 per person 2010: 1/3 of the world’s population faced water scarcity 2025: 2/3 of the world’s population could face water stress LAKE CHAD SHRIKAGE:1964: 25,000 sq.km. 2010: 2,000 sq.km.

  37. WATER STRESS & SCARCITY IN AFRICA Examples in Africa: • 40% of Africa’s 1.03 billion people live in urban areas╙► 60% of them in slums where water supply and sanitation are severely inadequate (2) DR Congo holds 50% of Africa’s water reserve ╙► 2011: ca 75% of population has no access to safe drinking water (3) Nigeria –Global Initiative for Women & Children (GIWAC) 01.12.2010: ●69 million people (ca. 46%) do not have access to safe drinking water ●103 million people (ca. 69%) do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities.

  38. Health & Well-being :WATER RESOURCES

  39. GLOBAL TREND ON WATER SCIENCERIVER BASINS OF AFRICA

  40. GLOBAL TREND ON WATER SCIENCE Trans-boundary Aquifers of the World: >95% of the Earth’s usable freshwater is stored as groundwater

  41. Saudi Arabia's Desalination Plants cost ca. US$10 billion Flickr/Waleed Alzuhair

  42. FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION STRATEGY IN AFRICA • 1 Billion people go to bed hungry each night • Africa: 240 million people are undernourished

  43. AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA(Recent Facts & Figures) ●In 2008: the whole of SSA employed: 68 researchers per million economically active agricultural population ●In 2008: Investment in agricultural R&D- Sub-Saharan Africa: US$ 1.7 billion Nigeria- US$ 404 million South Africa – US$ 272 million Kenya – US$ 171 million In

  44. Low R&D Spending in Africa African Governments spend on average ca. 4.5% of their budgets on Agriculture Source: Beintema & Stads (2008)

  45. GLOBAL TREND: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGIES Increased Expenditure on R&D: Africa’s R&D Growth: 1970s at 5.4 % per year 1980s at 3.8% “ 1990s at 1.3% “ AU Decisions: African Governments Agriculture: >10% of national budgets ╙►agricultural productivity: >6% per annum Science: >1% of GDP the

  46. GLOBAL TREND: Food for Population Growth & Heavy Investment in Commercial Farming AGRICULTURE: 80% of Africa’s populationBest known agro-minerals of Africa: • Phosphate rocks, e.g. apatite • Guano minerals: P- and N- bearing compounds • Saltpetre: Na-nitrate • K-salts: K-zeolites, K-micas, K-bearing volcanics • Sulphates: Ca-sulphate (gypsum) • Carbonates: Ca-Mg carbonates Phosphates:Africa accounts for about 76% of World’s reserves

  47. GLOBAL TREND IN AGRICULTURE: BIOTECHNOLOGY Genomics: transgenically convert C3 to C4 plants

  48. GLOBAL TREND IN FOOD SECURITYExamples: Rice & Wheat ● Rice is the staple food for approx 50% of the world’s population. Why export minerals/oil? ● African Rice has been cultivated for 3,500 years ╙► Biotechnology: approx 50,000 genes in a rice grain ● Wheat: Rain fed production: 0.3 kg/cu.m. Irrigated production: 0.8 kg/cu.m. ╙► Supplemented Irrigation production: 2.2 kg/cu.m. Balance: Irrigation (water) & agriculture (Africa?) currently (global estimate) agriculture consumes approx 70% fresh water used

  49. MALARIA IN AFRICA(WHO, World Malaria Report 2010) Deaths per 100,000 population • Togo 23.51 6,618,613 (total population) • Senegal 4.58 12,534,228 • Nigeria 4.86 154,728,895 • Cameroon 25.32 19,521,645 • DR Congo 31.67 66,832,000 • Rwanda 8.09 9,997,614 • Uganda 19.25 32,709,864 • Tanzania 1.92 43,739,052 • Malawi 42.7615,263,415 • Angola 56.93 18,497,632

  50. Summary of Disease Characteristics, Pathogen, and Current Standard of Care Sources: WHO/TDR and Hotez, P.J., et al., Control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med, 2007. 357(10): p. 1018-27. *One disability adjusted life year (DALY) is equivalent to one year of healthy life lost. Source of DALY information: WHO/TDR.

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