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Introduction

Introduction. An average adult has 5 L of blood Blood Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma. Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues. Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work. Erythrocytes.

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction • An average adult has 5 L of blood • Blood • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets • Plasma IntroductionRespirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  2. Erythrocytes • Red blood cells • Disc-like bi-concave shape • O2 and CO2 delivery • Hemoglobin Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  3. Hemoglobin • Quaternary protein structure containing heme groups • 1 RBC = 270 million Hb molecules • 1 Hb molecule = 4 heme groups Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  4. Heme Group Fe • Relaxed state • Fe ion becomes accessible to O2 as it is on the same plane • Tensed state • Fe ion becomes less accessible to O2 as it is pulled out of the plane Porphyrin Ring Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  5. T vs. R state Low O2 environment • Conformational change • Gas pressure driven • Rotational of 15 degrees High O2 environment Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  6. Perceived Clinical Problem • Shortage of blood supply • Blood types are a barrier to blood transfusion • 4.9 million patients/year needs blood transfusion in the US • Demand for blood > blood donations Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  7. Respirocytes • 1stnanomedical device-design technical paper: 1996 by Freitas • Resembles RBCs • Spherical w/ various diameter • Aid medical treatments: • Anemia • Carbon monoxide poisoning • Respiratory diseases • Blood transfusion Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  8. Respirocytes – Current Design • Powered by glucose engines • Gas exchange is selective -- via sorting rotors • Made of sapphire or diamond (insulators) • Various diameters from 0.2 to 100 microns Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  9. Respirocytes – Design Issues • Over-heating • Radiation damage • Interference with other blood components • Biocompatibility • Introduces unnecessary cell aggregation • Over-pressure of gases • Unpredictable robot life time Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  10. Respirocytes – Alternative Design • Utilize blood glucose as energy source • Flat disc, mimics RBCs • Diameter: 5 μm • Thickness: 1 μm • Central CPU • Gas selective membrane (diffusion entrance) • Sensor controlled valves • Open/close valves for diffusion • Selective rotors for releasing gas molecules Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  11. Respirocytes – Alternative Design Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  12. Respirocytes – Alternative Design Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  13. Alternative Design – Flow Chart Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  14. Ethical Issues • Misuse of respirocytes for athletic purposes • Alters the natural body state by introducing foreign objects • Can create miniature bombs to kill bacteria– Can create weapons of mass destruction Introduction RespirocytesEthical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  15. Conclusion and Future Work • Goal: universal blood source • Purpose: To improve the quality of life of patients suffering from anemia, lung cancer, blood transfusions, and diseases that cause excess blood loss • Problems associated w/cell aggregation & biocompatibility requires further investigation Introduction Respirocytes Ethical Issues Erythrocytes Proposed Design Conclusion & Future Work

  16. References • [1] Lin, S., “Medical Nanorobot: Constructing Biological Motor Powered Nanomechanical Devices,” Science in NanoMedicine & NanoMechanics. • [2] “Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery,” International Journal of Surgery, 2005. • [3] Breault, K. et al., “Nanomedicine,” California Engineer, vol. 82, pp. 9-14, spring 2004. • [4] http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/10955/page2.html • [5] El-Sayed, S. et al., “Nanobiotechnology and its applications.” • [6] http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u10/u1003_01.htm

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