第三讲：马克思主义伦理学 1 ．辨证唯物主义、历史唯物主义和马克思主义的伦理学 1 ． 1 从辨证法到辨证唯物主义，从历史方法到历史唯物主义

1. 第三讲：马克思主义伦理学 • 1．辨证唯物主义、历史唯物主义和马克思主义的伦理学 • 1．1 从辨证法到辨证唯物主义，从历史方法到历史唯物主义 • 马克思批判继承了黑格尔的辨证法和历史方法，认识黑格尔是研究马克思主义的起点。 • 1．2 异化、个体自由和阶级自由 • 在批判康德的同时，黑格尔和马克思都接受了康德的自由学说。康德、黑格尔和马克思相同的立场是：人需要自由，自由是一种崇高的境界。但是，马克思主义的自由观是集体主义的、阶级立场决定的自由观，康德的自由是个人主义的自由。

2. 1．3 资本主义制度下的异化与自由之间的对立 • 马克思用“异化”概括资本主义的困境。 • （1）制度的异化 • （2）工人的异化 • （3）资本的异化

3. 2．共产主义和传统道德哲学的对立 • 2．1 马克思主义公开宣布：共产主义与传统道德存在着不可调和的冲突 • （1）‘Undoubtedly,’ it will be said, ‘religious, moral, philosophical, and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change.’ • ‘There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are common to all states of society.’ But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting them on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical experience.’ ibid, at 19 • Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels，Manifesto of the Communist Party, translated from Germen to English by Samuel Moore in cooperation with Frederick Engels,1888, p.11, www.marxists.org • “但是”，有人会说，“宗教、道德、哲学、政治、法的观念总是在历史发展进程中渐进变易，但是，宗教、道德、哲学、政治和法本身却是历经变化而依然存在。此外，在一切社会状态下，都存在着诸如自由、正义等永恒真理。”但是，共产主义则要废除这些永恒真理，它要废除所有的宗教、道德，而不是在新的基础上进行改造，所以共产主义与迄今为止的历史经验存在着矛盾对立。” 　

4. 2．2 共产主义和传统道德的对立来自经济关系所产生的阶级对立，而阶级对立来自阶级的剥削和压迫。 • In the condition of the proletariat, those of old society at large are already virtually swamped. The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family relations; modern industry labour, modern subjection to capital, the same in England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests. • 在无产阶级的生活条件中，其与旧社会的关联大致已不复存在。无产者没有财产；他们与妻儿的关系与资产阶级家庭关系再没有任何共同之处；现代工业劳动，现代资本的役使夺走了无产者的民族性，在英国或法国、美国或德国都一样。法律、道德、宗教，在无产者看来都是资产阶级偏见，隐藏在偏见后面的是资产阶级的利益。

5. The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs. • But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all past ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the other. No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past ages, despite all the multiplicity and variety it displays, moves within certain common forms, or general ideas, which cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of class antagonisms. • The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional relations; no wonder that its development involved the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. • 这种责难又算什么？至今的一切社会的历史都是在阶级对立中发展的，而这种对立在不同的时代具有不同的形式。 但是，不管阶级对立具有什么样的形式，人类社会已往的经历都验证了一个共同事实，这就是社会上一部分人对另一部分人的剥削。毫不奇怪，尽管人类社会的意识形形色色、千差万别，它们总是在某些共同形式或者一般概念中运动，在阶级对立完全消失之前，这些共同形式或者一般概念是不会完全消失的。共产主义革命就是同传统关系实行最激进的决裂；毫不奇怪，它在自己的发展进程中要同传统观念实行最激进的决裂。

6. 2．3 资本主义制度充斥伪善、堕落、腐败，本质上是反伦理的 • （1）私有制文明是一种伪善 • “文明时代愈是向前发展，它就越是不能不给它所产生的坏事披上爱的外衣，不得不粉饰它们，或者否认它们——一句话，是实行习惯性的伪善，这种伪善，无论在较早的那些社会形态下，还是在文明时代第一阶段都是没有的。” 恩格斯，马克思恩格斯全集，第4卷第174页。 • p.194

7. （2）正是资本主义制度破坏了传统的婚姻和家庭伦理（2）正是资本主义制度破坏了传统的婚姻和家庭伦理 • The right of the first night was transferred from the feudal lords to the bourgeois manufacturers. Prostitution increased to an extent never heard of. Marriage itself remained, as before, the legally recognized form, the official cloak of prostitution, and, moreover, was supplemented by rich crops of adultery. • Engels, Anti-Duhring, English translation by Emile Burn, 1894， p. 184, www.marxists.org • The dissolute bourgeois evades marriage and secretly commits adultery; the merchant evades the institution of property by depriving others of property by speculation, bankruptcy, etc.; the young bourgeois makes himself independent of his family, if he can by in fact abolishing the family as far as he is concerned. • Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, A Critique of the German Ideology,

8. （3）资本主义生产方式下的剥削和压迫本身本身是反伦理的 • 随着货币转化为资本，商品所有权规律也就在同一程度上转化为资本主义占有规律——资本成为无偿占有剩余劳动的力量，从而背离了所有权的基本原则；随着私人资本转化为社会资本，资本主义占有规律再次走向了它的反面。 • “由于文明时代的基础是一个阶级对另一个阶级的剥削，所以它的全部发展都是在经常的矛盾中进行的。生产的每进一步，同时也是被压迫阶级即大多数人的生活状况的一个退步……。”《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷第173-174页，人民出版社，1972。

9. Karl Marx, Capital(First English edition of 1887), Volume One, Chapter 31, note 15 (1887), trans. by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, <http://www.marxists.org> • “Capital is said by a Quarterly Reviewer to fly turbulence and strife, and to be timid, which is very true; but this is very incompletely stating the question. Capital eschews no profit, or very small profit, just as Nature was formerly said to abhor a vacuum. With adequate profit, capital is very bold. A certain 10 per cent. will ensure its employment anywhere; 20 per cent. certain will produce eagerness; 50 per cent., positive audacity; 100 per cent. will make it ready to trample on all human laws; 300 per cent., and there is not a crime at which it will scruple, nor a risk it will not run, even to the chance of its owner being hanged. If turbulence and strife will bring a profit, it will freely encourage both. Smuggling and the slave-trade have amply proved all that is here stated.” (T. J. Dunning, l. c., pp. 35, 36.) • “《评论家季刊》说，‘资本逃避动乱和纷争，它的本性是胆怯的。这是真的，但还不是全部真理。资本害怕没有利润或利润太少，就象自然界害怕真空一样。一旦有适当的利润，资本就胆大起来。如果有10％的利润，它就保证到处被使用；有20％的利润，它就活泼起来；有50％的利润，它就铤而走险；为了100％的利润，它就敢践踏一切人间法律；有300％的利润，它就敢犯任何罪行，甚至冒绞首的危险。如果动乱和纷争能带来利润，它就会鼓励动乱和纷争。走私和贩卖奴隶就是证明。’（托·约·登宁《工联与罢工》 1860年伦敦版第35、36页）”

10. 认识马克思和阅读原著 • 从二十世纪八十年代至今，几乎每一本民法学教科书都引用的恩格斯语录：“恩格斯指出：‘民法的准则只是以法律的形式表现了社会的经济生活条件’，民法是‘将经济关系直接翻译为法律原则。’” • 表明文献出处的注解——《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷，第248-249页

11. 中文翻译原文 • 两个英文翻译文本的原文 • http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm • 1， Thus to a great extent the course of the “development of law” only consists: first in the attempt to do away with the contradictions arising from the direct translation of economic relations into legal principles, and to establish a harmonious system of law, and then in the repeated breaches made in this system by the influence and pressure of further economic development, which involves it in further contradictions (I am only speaking here of civil law for the moment). Engels to Conrad Schmidt

12. “因此，在很大程度上，法律发展的进程不过是这样构成的：首先，消除将经济关系直接转换为法律原则而引发的矛盾，建立和谐的法律制度；其次，经济发展产生的影响和压力会反复冲击法律制度，引发进一步的（需要法律去化解）的矛盾（我在这里只是谈民法）。”“因此，在很大程度上，法律发展的进程不过是这样构成的：首先，消除将经济关系直接转换为法律原则而引发的矛盾，建立和谐的法律制度；其次，经济发展产生的影响和压力会反复冲击法律制度，引发进一步的（需要法律去化解）的矛盾（我在这里只是谈民法）。” • 但是，英文译本本身是存在问题的。

13. 第二个英文译本 • In a modern state, law must not only correspond to the general economic situation and be its expression; it must also be its coherently unified expression, free from glaring internal inconsistencies. In order to achieve this, the fidelity with which the law reflects economic conditions constantly diminishes. This is all the truer, the more rarely it happens, that the legal code expresses the harsh, unrelieved and naked fact of class rule. For that contradicts the very “concept of law”. The pure and consistent jural concept of the revolutionary bourgeoisie of 1792-96 already appears falsified in many respects in the Code Napoleon. And in so far as it is incorporated it is subject to daily modifications of all kinds because of the growing power of the proletariat. That doesn’t prevent the Code Napoleon from serving as a legal model for new codifications of law in all parts of the world. The course of “legal development” consists, in large part, first in the attempt to erect an harmonious system of law by eliminating the contradictions flowing from the direct translation of economic relations into jural propositions; and then in the fact that the influence and compulsion exerted by the further economic development keeps on upsetting the system and plunging it into new contradictions. (I speak here for the time being only of civil law.)

14. 经济基础和法律上层建筑之间的矛盾是永久性的，上层建筑必须不断努力去适应经济基础。首先，避免将经济关系直接译制为法律，以保持法律体系自身的和谐；其次，经济发展必定造成法律上层建筑和经济基础的紧张关系，产生新的矛盾，法律就是在化解这些矛盾的过程中发展的。经济基础和法律上层建筑之间的矛盾是永久性的，上层建筑必须不断努力去适应经济基础。首先，避免将经济关系直接译制为法律，以保持法律体系自身的和谐；其次，经济发展必定造成法律上层建筑和经济基础的紧张关系，产生新的矛盾，法律就是在化解这些矛盾的过程中发展的。 • 其哲学思想是黑格尔的矛盾论，政治经济学思想是经济基础对于上层建筑的决定性。