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Is Gender Appropriateness of Sport also Haunting Children with Disabilities

Is Gender Appropriateness of Sport also Haunting Children with Disabilities. Wei- Ru , Yao 1 Chu-Min Liao 2 , & Deborah Shapiro 1 Georgia State University 1 & National Taiwan Sport University 2 AAHPERD 2014. Benefits From Exercise. Adult. Childhood. Exercise Habitual Behavior.

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Is Gender Appropriateness of Sport also Haunting Children with Disabilities

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  1. Is Gender Appropriateness of Sport also Haunting Children with Disabilities Wei-Ru, Yao1 Chu-Min Liao2, & Deborah Shapiro1 Georgia State University1 & National Taiwan Sport University2 AAHPERD 2014

  2. Benefits From Exercise Adult Childhood Exercise Habitual Behavior (Dennison, Straus, Mcllits, & Charney, 1988)

  3. Significant Others Parents Coaches Children Peers (Chang, 1999; Liao, 2008; Harter, 1999; Wigfield & Eccles, 2000)

  4. Mechanism Children Parents Role Model Expectancy Belief & Value Belief Expectancy Belief & Value Belief Interpreters of Experience Providers of Experience (Eccles et al., 1983; Eccles, 1991; Wigfield, 1997; Lee & Liao, 2005; Lin & Liao, 2005; Lai & Liao, 2007)

  5. Disability Types Social Contact Intellectual Disability Open-Ended Items Enhancing Physical Ability (Megginson, Nakamura, & Frust,1997) Social Experience Spinal Injury Interview & Field Notes Sport Skills (An & Goodwin, 2007) Avoiding Social Isolation Emotional Adjustment Self-Report & Interview Physical Disability Promoting Physical Fitness (Kozub, 2001; Melograno & Loovis, 1991; Antle, Mills, Steele, & Rossen, 2007)

  6. Purpose Gender Parents’ Motives Disability Types

  7. Research Questions Gender 1 Parents’ Motives Disability Types Hearing Impairment Physical Disability 2 Visual Impairment Intellectual Disability

  8. Participants • 184 parents • fathers=78 & mothers=106, • elementary school children with disabilities • boys=113 & girls=71 • from north, middle, and south of Taiwan, including ten cities and counties. • Four disability types • Physical Disability (PD) =42, • Hearing Impairment (HI) =35, • Visual Impairment (VI)=7, • Intellectual Disability (ID) =100

  9. Instruments • Demographic Questionnaire • Gender, Age, Disability Type, Severity of Disability, Grade • Exercise Participation Motives (Wu, 2009) • 33 Items • Six sub-categories, • Personal fitness and skill improvement (n=9), • Social expectation and external factor (n=6), • Competition and challenge (n=6), • Social enhancement(n=5), • Positive emotion and friendship (n=5), • Teamwork (n=2)

  10. Procedures • Recovery Rate: 44% Telephone Contact Permission Follow Up Two Weeks

  11. Data Analysis • Two One-way MANOVAs Dependent Variables • Personal Fitness & Skill Improvement Independent Variables • Competition & Challenge Children’s Gender • Social Expectation & External Factor Six Sub-Categories Children’s Disability Types • Social Enhancement • Positive Emotion & Friendship • Teamwork

  12. Results • No gender differences were found on parent’smotives.

  13. Results • No disability type differences were found on parents’motives except “Teamwork”.

  14. Post Hoc Analysis Hearing Impairment Teamwork > Intellectual Disability Physical Disability F (18, 481.32)=1.70, Wilk’s Lambda= .82, p< .05

  15. Discussion • Inconsistent with past statements and research findings Parents’ Motives (Chang, 1994; Nancy, 2007; Eccles, Wigfield, Harold, & Blumenfeld, 1993; Wigfield et al.,1997; Wigfield & Eccles, 2000) • But support Martin’s (2006) research results • Parental encouragement for athletes with disabilities did not vary according to gender. • (Martin, 2006) • The effect of gender appropriateness of sport appears to be diminished in children with disabilities

  16. Discussion • Disability type does not influence parents’ motives for their child’s sport and exercise participation • Benefits • Teamwork • Lack Interaction Opportunities with Others (Moola et al.,2007; Dunn & Dunn, 2006; Sherrill, 1997; Blind & McClung, 1997) (Chang,2005;Antle, Mills, Steele, & Rossen, 2007)

  17. Practical Application • Programming should be based on parents’ needs • Extracurricular athletic opportunities • More options and opportunities for parents

  18. Is Gender Appropriateness of Sport also Haunting Children with Disabilities Wei-Ru, Yao1 Chu-Min Liao2, & Deborah Shapiro1 Georgia State University1 & National Taiwan Sport University2 AAHPERD 2014

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