Development

1. Development Key Issue #2: Where are more and less developed countries distributed?

2. Anglo-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific More Developed Regions

3. Anglo America

4. Canada and the United States • HDI = .94 • 90% use English as their first language • Well endowed with minerals and natural resources • Remains the leading consumers • Leading provider of high-tech services and services that promote use of leisure time Anglo-America

5. American Leisure Industries

6. Western Europe

7. HDI = .93 • The diversity of language and religion has been a source of conflict for many years • Competition caused WWI and WWII • Competition has dissolved since WWII • The EU makes Western Europe the world’s largest and richest market • NIRs are at or below zero, so population growth is only because of immigration Western Europe

8. HDI = .80 • Eastern Europe is the only region that has declined since 1990 • Legacy of Communist rule • It is classified as developed because of its tradition of development Eastern Europe

9. Eastern Europe

10. HDI = .94 • Unfavorable ratio of population to resources • High physiological density • Few raw materials • How did it develop? • At first – abundant supply of labor willing to work for cheap • Once it had a foothold in the global economy, Japan began to make more high value goods • Concentrating resources and rigorous educational systems and training programs to create skilled labor Japan

11. South Pacific

12. HDI = .87 • The South Pacific has a high HDI, but is less central to the global economy because of its small population and peripheral location • The HDIs of Australia and New Zealand are comparable to other PEDs • Shared cultural characteristics with Britain • Exporters of food and resources to Britain, and they are gaining increased ties with Japan and other Asian countries South Pacific

13. Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa Less Developed Regions

14. Latin America

15. HDI = .80 • Most speak Spanish or Portuguese and are Roman Catholic • They are more likely to live in urban areas than people in other developing regions • Overall development is hindered by inequitable income distribution • Often, a handful of wealthy families control much of the land and rent to individual farmers • Latin American governments encourage redistribution of lands, but do not want to alienate the large property owners Latin America

16. HDI = .76 • The economy of East Asia, and the world, is being driven by China • China – the world’s second largest economy, accounts for 1/3 of the world’s total economic growth • China’s GDP per capita has risen faster than any other country East Asia

17. 1949 – Communist beat the Nationalist, who flee to Taiwan • Communist changes – government control of land, assigning tasks, and distribution of food • Recent years – control has been loosened • One Child Policy – China has a lower NIR, and is able to focus on raising the standard of living • 21st Century – manufacturing has increased dramatically • With rising wealth, the largest population is now the largest market for consumer goods China cont…

18. The Middle East

19. HDI = .68 • Most is desert – products must be imported • Major economic asset – the world’s largest percentage of oil reserves • Enjoys a trade surplus • Many governments have access to plenty of money Middle East

20. Three main reasons: • Lack of political freedom • Low education and literacy rates • Lack of opportunities for women • The gap between petroleum rich countries and those without causes tension • Challenge = to promote development without abandoning traditional cultural elements of Islam, the religion of more than 95% of the population Despite Having Money, Why the Low HDI in the Middle East?

21. Iran – dominated by Shiite Muslims, has encouraged revolutions elsewhere in the region • Most Middle Eastern states refuse to recognize Israel • Terrorism – very few endorse these acts • Alternatives are sought to U.S. influenced culture and development Tension in the Middle East

22. President Mahmoud Ahmadindjad

23. Southeast Asia

24. HDI = .58 • Indonesia – SE Asia’s most populous country, contains 13,667 islands • 2/3 of the population lives on Java • Other populous countries – Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines Southeast Asia

25. A half century of nearly continuous warfare • Mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and frequent typhoons • Development has been rapid in – Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines due to cheap labor • Economic growth has slowed – funds for development have been invested unwisely or even stolen by corrupt officials • Southeast Asian countries have been forced to reform to attract foreign investors Why SE Asia Has Limited Development

26. South Asia

27. HDI = .58 • India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan • Has the world’s second highest population and the second lowest per capita income • A beneficiary of the Green Revolution • Climate – monsoons are important! South Asia

28. India has become the world’s fourth largest economy • The rate of growth is second only to China • India is now a major manufacturer • A major service provider (call centers) India cont….

29. Sub-Saharan Africa

30. HDI = .51 • Sub = under (submarine) • Sub–Saharan Africa is Africa South of the Sahara • Population density is the lowest • Contains many resources • Wealth is comparable to other PINGs Sub-Saharan Africa

31. The world’s highest percentage of people living in poverty and suffering from poor health and low levels of education • Economic conditions have deteriorated in recent years • Legacy of the colonial era • Many landlocked states • Political Issues • Boundaries drawn without regard to ethnic groups…..the led to conflict • Fundamental problem for many states = the capacity of the land to feed its inhabitants Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa developed?