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The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

The Enlightenment and the French Revolution. World History 2 nd Semester begins TODAY!! Warm Up: Define the following – 1. bourgeoisie 2. deficit spending. bourgeoisie In French society – the middle class deficit spending

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The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

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  1. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution World History 2nd Semester begins TODAY!! Warm Up: Define the following – 1. bourgeoisie 2. deficit spending

  2. bourgeoisie • In French society – the middle class • deficit spending • situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

  3. Summary of French Revolution Toward the end of the 1700s, the reign of France’s monarchs came to a violent end. Several forces—Enlightenment ideas, terrible economic conditions, and a bourgeoisie anxious for more power—combined to spark a momentous revolution in 1789 that swept out the old regime and ushered in a new government. However, the revolutionaries soon battled each other, and terror gripped France for several years. Into this chaos stepped a French army officer, Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon seized control of the country and then built an empire that dominated much of western Europe. The other European powers eventually defeated Napoleon and convened the Congress of Vienna in 1814. There, they reestablished order and balance among the nations of Europe.

  4. French Estates in the Old Regime • First Estate – Catholic clergy: priests, nuns and church leaders. Less than 1% of the population. Owned 10 % of the land. 2% of their income went to the Gov’t. • Second Estate – Nobility. 1.5 % of the population. Owned 20% of the land and controlled over half of the labor force. Paid almost NO TAXES

  5. French Estates in the Old Regime 2 • Third Estate – Diverse group of French citizens. 98% of population. Divided into three groups. Owned 70% of the wealth • bourgeoisie – wealthy middle class. Bankers, merchants, manufactures, lawyers, doctors, etc. • city dwelling laborers, artisans and servants • peasants – 90% of the population. Rural workers and farmers.

  6. Three Estates – page 469 Which estate is represented by the man under the stone? What is the picture saying about this estate?

  7. Louis XIV – The Sun King 1643-1715 • “l‘etat, c’est moi” I am the state • Built France into one of the most powerful nations in Europe • Disbanded Estates General • Spent vast amounts of money on arts • Created extensive military • Built Versailles • Left France deeply in debt

  8. Louis XV: 1715-1774 • Continued deficit spending • Taxed the third estate unmercifully • Pursued pleasure before the business of the state • When warned that France was in serious danger of collapse, he replied, “For now, all is well. After me, the deluge.”

  9. Louis XVI – The Last King 1774-1793 • Inherited a huge economic crisis • Starvation was very real in the cities • France deeply in debt • Called Estates General to try to raise funds by enticing bourgeoisie to raise taxes on themselves. • Third Estate objected to unfair conditions and demanded reform

  10. Versailles

  11. Marie Antoinette • Nicknamed “Madam Deficit” • Daughter of Marie Teresa of Austria • Had little understanding of the conditions of the lower classes • Confused by march on women on Versailles. • When told that the masses had no bread, she is said to have declared, “Let them eat cake!”

  12. Royal Family at Home in Versailles

  13. The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by Estates Clergy 1st Estate 1 Aristocracy 2nd Estate 1 1 Commoners 3rd Estate Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

  14. The Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head! Clergy 1st Estate 300 Aristocracy 2nd Estate 300 648 Commoners 3rd Estate

  15. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1stWhat is the Third Estate?Everything! 2nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès1748-1836

  16. “The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

  17. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

  18. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.

  19. The Revolution Begins - 1789 • Estates General meets May, 1789 • Voting rules unfair to Third Estate • Declared themselves the National Assembly • Invited delegates from other two estates to help write a new constitution, much like the one completed in America • Locked out of Versailles • Meet on tennis court • Pledged “Tennis Court Oath” – not to disband until a new constitution had been written. • King gathers troops in Paris and on July 14, 1789 a Paris mob storms the Bastille. • The Revolution begins

  20. Other Situations • 6,000 women riot in the streets of Paris • Not enough food to feed their children

  21. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • A new “declaration of independence” created • Modeled after American Declaration • “All men were born free and equal in rights.” • Freedom of religion • Taxed according to ability to pay • “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” • A new constitution created. • Royal family attempts to flee to Austria. Captured and imprisoned in Paris.

  22. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 • Liberty! • Property! • Resistance to oppression! • Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

  23. Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) • Women played a vital role in the Revolution. • But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women. Declaration of the Rights of Womanand of the Citizen (1791)

  24. Causes of the French Revolution Long Term Causes: Immediate Causes: • Enlightenment ideas—liberty and equality • Example furnished by the American Revolution • Social and economic injustices of the Old Regime • Economic crisis—famine and government debt • Weak leadership • Discontent of the Third Estate • REVOLUTION • Fall of the Bastille • National Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution

  25. Attitudes & actions of monarchy& court Fear ofCounter-Revolution Religiousdivisions The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795 Politicaldivisions EconomicCrises War

  26. Robespierre • Leader of the Revolution • Become dictator of France • Institutes Reign of Terror • Enemies of the Committee of Public Safetey sent to the guillotine • Robespierre is himself eventually beheaded as well

  27. Committee for Public Safety • Revolutionary Tribunals. • 300,000 arrested. • 16,000 – 50,000 executed.

  28. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

  29. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. • He could not pass laws. • His ministers were responsible for their own actions. • A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. • Had the power to grant taxation. • An independent judiciary.

  30. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen. • 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise. • Domestic servants were also excluded. • A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

  31. National Assembly • First act-take clergy lands and resell them for profit • Creates Legislative Assembly- group that approves laws and makes war • Split into 3 groups- • 1.Radicals(Jacobins and Sans-Culottes) – left side of the room • 2. Moderates – sat in middle of room • 3. Conservatives(Emigres)- right side of the room

  32. Legislation Passed by the National Convention • Law of General Maximum • September 5, 1793. • Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790figures. • Prices would be strictly enforced. • Hoarders rooted out and punished. • Food supplies would be secured by the army! • Law of Suspects • September 17, 1793. • This law was so widely drawn that almost anyonenot expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!

  33. Religious Terror:De-Christianization (1793-1794) • The Catholic Church was linked withreal or potential counter-revolution. • Religion was associated with theAncien Régime and superstitiouspractices. • Very popular among the sans-culottes. • Therefore, religion had no place in arational, secular republic!

  34. The De-Christianization Program • The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: • abolished Sundays & religious holidays. • months named after seasonal features. • 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. • the yearly calendar was dated fromthe creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

  35. The New Republican Calendar

  36. The De-Christianization Program • The public exercise of religion wasbanned. • The Paris Commune supported the: • destruction of religious & royal statues. • ban on clerical dress. • encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. • The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” • The deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.

  37. The Radical’s Arms: No God!No Religion!No King!No Constitution!

  38. Different Social Classes Executed 7% 8% 28% 25% 31%

  39. The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

  40. Louis XVI as a Pig • For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor. • The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

  41. Louis XVI is Guillotined

  42. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) • The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. • They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. • The National Convention voted387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

  43. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

  44. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

  45. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

  46. The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794 • July 26  Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies. • he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. • many felt threatened by his implications. • July 27  the Convention arrests Robespierre. • July 28  Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

  47. The Arrest of Robespierre

  48. Robespierre at the Guillotine -July 28th 1794 -Marks the end of the “Reign of Terror”

  49. The French Revolution and Napoleon • Revolution • Fall of the Bastille • National Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution Long-Term Effects • Conservative reaction • Decline in French power • Spread of Enlightenment ideas • Growth of nationalism • Rise of international organizations (Congress of Vienna) • Revolutions in Latin America Immediate Effects • End of the Old Regime • Execution of monarchs • War with the First Coalition • Reign of Terror • Rise of Napoleon

  50. Napoleon Becomes Emperor of France

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