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The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah

The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Iron II Period. Traditional Chronology: Iron I (1200-1000 BC): The Period of the Conquest and the Judges; Iron IIA (1000-925 BC): The Period of the United Monarchy, that is, the time of David and Solomon;

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The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah

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  1. The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah Iron II Period

  2. Traditional Chronology: Iron I (1200-1000 BC): The Period of the Conquest and the Judges; Iron IIA (1000-925 BC): The Period of the United Monarchy, that is, the time of David and Solomon; Iron IIB (925-720 BC): The Divided Monarchy: Israel in the north with its capital at Samaria; Judah in the south with its capital at Jerusalem; Iron IIC (720-586 BC): The Northern Kingdom of Israel is no more; the Southern Kingdom of Judah continues until the Babylonians destroy it in 586 BC.

  3. Biblical Data: • 1 Kings 11.26- • 1 Kings 11.26-40: The revolt of Jeroboam (against Solomon’s son Rehoboam); • - 1 Kings 11.41-43: The end of the reign of Solomon; • - 1 Kings 12: Political and Religious Schism: Jeroboam king of Israel and the setting up of the two golden calves at Bethel, just to the north of Jerusalem. • - Now two kingdoms: Judah in the south with its capital at Jerusalem; • - Rehoboam, a son of Solomon, is King of Judah (1 Kings14.21).

  4. 1 Kings: • - Jeroboam, a former servant of Solomon, is King of Israel (1 Kings 12.20 [“There was no one who followed the house of David, except the tribe of Judah alone”]). • Israel in the north with its capital at Shechem – Israel separated from the House of David; • under the Omrides, the capital will later be transferred to Penuel, Tirzah, and finally Samaria; • Thus, two kingdoms, Israel in the north and Judah in the south.

  5. 1 Kings: • 1 Kings 14.25: “in the fifth year of King Rehoboam, King Shishak of Egypt came up against Jerusalem….”; • 1 Kings 14.19-20: reign of Jeroboam. His death, and the “Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel”; • 1 Kings 14.30: “There was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam continually”; • 1 Kings 14.29: “the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and all that he did, are they not written in the Book of the Annals of the Kings of Judah?” • 1 Kings 14.31ff: Rehoboam’s death and his successors;

  6. 1 Kings: • 1 Kings 16.23: Omri began to reign over Israel; • 1 Kings 16.24: Omri and the city of Samaria; • 1 Kings 16.29: Ahab, son of Omri, began to reign over Israel in Samaria; • 1 Kings 19.15-16: Hazael king over Aram; and Jehu will be anointed king over Israel; • 1 Kings 20.1-2: King Ben-hadad of Aram …. Marched against Samaria (see also 20.26); • 1 Kings 22.39-40: death of Ahab and his acts written in the “Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel”, etc.;

  7. 2 Kings: • 2 Kings: opens during the short reign of Ahaziah king of Israel (mid-9th century BC); • 2 Kings 1.1: “After the death of Ahab, Moab rebelled against Israel” (see also 2 Kings 3: Israel, Judah, and Edom go to war against Moab); • 2 Kings 6: wars continue between Israel and Aram; • 2 Kings 10: Jehu king over Israel; • 2 Kings 14.23-29: The reign of Jeroboam;

  8. 2 Kings: • 2 Kings 17.5: the King of Assyria invaded all the land of Samaria, captured Samaria, and carried the Israelites away to Assyria; • - 2 Kings 24: king of Assyria brought people and placed them in the cities of Samaria;.

  9. 2 Kings: • 2 Kings 18. 1: King Hezekiah (727/715-698/687 BC) king of Judah; • 2 Kings18.9-10: King Shalmaneser 705-681 BC) of Assyria besieged Samaria and took it; • 2 Kings 18.13: Shalmaneser came up against all the cities of Judah and captured them (during the reign of Hezekiah); • 2 Kings 18.15: Hezekiah pays tribute to Shalmaneser; the Assyrians did not take Jerusalem (19.32-34);

  10. 2 Kings: • 2 Kings 22.1-30: Josiah (640-609 BC): a righteous king; a second Moses or Joshua to match the second David (Hezekiah); • 2 Kings 22.3-13: the Book of the Law (some form of Deuteronomy) found during repairs to the Temple; • 2 Kings 23.1-3: Josiah’s reform of religion; • - 2 Kings 23.31-25.30: The end of Judah. • - 2 Kings 24: King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon came up against Jerusalem, captured and destroyed it.

  11. 2 Chronicles 10-36: • The emergence, continuation, and fall of the kingdom of Judah. • the Chronicler concentrates his attention upon the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, who make up the Southern Kingdom of Judah.

  12. Finkelstein: What was the first Israelite territorial entity? No direct proof in the archaeological record for the existence of an elaborate polity (political organization) in the highlands in the late-Iron I period (the late-11th and much of the 10th centuries BC); Iron I sites, ca. 90% of them, continued to be inhabited in the Iron II period; Exception for area north of Jerusalem, that is, around Gibeon and Bethel; He attributes this to Pharaoh Sheshonq’s (Shishak) campaign (late-10th century BC).

  13. Finkelstein: The rise of an Israelites entity farther north; The Northern Kingdom in the time of the Omrides (early 9th century BC); Extra-biblical Textual Evidence: Shalmaneser III (859-824 BC), king of Assyria, mentions “Ahab the Israelite” as one of his opponents in the battle of Qarqar in western Syria in 853 BC; The Mesha Inscription (ca. 850 BC) mentions how the Omrides had conquered territories in Moab (mid-9th century); Tel Dan Inscription (9th or 8th century; excavator date it to the mid-9th century) states that Israel took land from Aram (mid-9th century);

  14. Tell Qarqur in the Orontes River Valley in Syria.

  15. Tell Qarqur – An ASOR Sponsored Excavation.

  16. Stele of Shalmaneser III that reports on Battle of Qarqar.

  17. Tel Dan Inscription with phrase “House of David”.

  18. Finkelstein: • Archaeology: • Building operations on the part of the Omrides: • Megiddo: two or three ashlar palaces; • Samaria, Jezreel, and Hazor: monumental architecture with large-scale filling and leveling operations; • The palace at Samaria is the largest and most elaborate Iron Age structure known in the Levant.

  19. Megiddo – artistic reconstruction.

  20. Palaces: Nos. 1723, 6000, 338.

  21. Mason Marks on Ashlar Blocks from Palace 1723 at Megiddo.

  22. Hazor – Upper City.

  23. Finkelstein: • Northern Kingdom: • A territorial state comprised of both highland and lowland areas; • the hills of Samaria inhabited by 2nd millennium sedentary and pastoralist population; • Cultural continuity of Canaanite traits: at Taanach, Megiddo (Textbook, p. 150); • Ethnic and cultural diversity: see in the Omride architecture; • Fortified compounds at Megiddo and Jezreel, and at Hazor on the border with Aram-Damascus, and on the border with Philistia at Gezer.

  24. Finkelstein: • Northern Kingdom: • A short period of time; • political circumstances changes dramatically; • a break in Assyrian pressure in the west led to the rise of Aram-Damascus; • result: the collapse of the Omride dynasty; • - This in turn led to the rise of the first “national state” farther to the south, first and foremost in Judah (Textbook, p. 151).

  25. Finkelstein: • Judah: • In 10th and early-9th century (Textbook, p. 151): • Jerusalem: a relatively poor village; • ruled over a sparsely inhabited southern highland; • 9th century: • first signs of statehood in Judah: • in the Shephelah in the west and the Beer-sheba Valley in the south;

  26. Finkelstein: • Judah: • In the Shephelah: Lachish and Beth-shemesh; • Lachish: the “second city” of Judah; • Beth-shemesh: massive fortifications and an elaborate water system; • in the Beer-sheba Valley: Arad and Beer-sheba; • both fortified for the first time in the 9th century;

  27. Lachish – Aerial View

  28. Lachish – Ground Plan.

  29. Finkelstein: • Judah: • In Jerusalem: • first signs of significant building activity appear to date to the 9th century: the “terraces” and the “Stepped Stone Structure”: both built on the eastern slope of the City of David, near the Gihon spring;

  30. Gihon Spring and Hezekiah’s Tunnel

  31. Finkelstein: • Judah: • In early 9th century: Judah under the northern Israelite, that is, Omride domination (see 2 Kings and the Tel Dan Inscription); • in first half of the 9th century: a United Monarchy that stretched from Dan in the north to Beer-sheba in the south; • Change: the fall of the Omride dynasty under the pressure of Aram-Damascus in the 840s (Textbook, p. 152); • Israel’s grip over Judah ceased; • window of opportunity opened for Judah.

  32. Finkelstein: • Judah: • - End of 9th century and the beginning of the of the 8th century BC; • In late 8th century: Jerusalem grew to be the largest city in the entire country: massive fortifications; water from the Siloam pool; elaborate rock-cut tombs; evidence of an affluent elite; • monumental inscriptions: in the Siloam tunnel; on Siloam tombs; seals; seal impressions (bullae); ostraca; lmlk storage jars; • large-scale, state-controlled olive-oil production in the Shephelah.

  33. Jerusalem in the 8th Century BC

  34. The Jebusite City that David Conquered – Artistic Reconstruction.

  35. Finkelstein: • Judah: • Reasons for Judah’s development: • the incorporation of Judah in the Assyrian global economy (begun in the 730s under Tiglath-pileser III); Judah participated in the Assyrian-dominated Arabian trade; • Sudden growth in population (Jerusalem in particular); • Jerusalem grew from ca. 5 ha to ca. 60 ha; and in population from 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants; • increase in settlements in the hill country south of Jerusalem (Textbook, p. 154); • a doubling of Judah’s population.

  36. Finkelstein: • Judah: • - due to: a flow of refugees from the north following the conquest of Israel by Assyria in 722 BC; • - A second wave of refugees in Jerusalem after the destruction of the Shephelah and the Beer-sheba Valley by Sennacherib in 701 BC; • Judah and Jerusalem: a mixed population of Judahite and ex-Israelites; • Archaeologically: a decline in settlements in the area between Shechem and Jerusalem;

  37. Finkelstein: • Judah: • Hezekiah (715-687 BC): abolishing of shrines at Arad, Beer-sheba, and Lachish at the end of the 8th century; • setting down the early history of Israel (1 Sam 16-1 Kings 2): the History of David’s Rise to Power and the Court or Succession History; • written as an apologia: to vindicate David of any wrongdoing and to explain “what really happened”; • - the late 8th century BC: a deuteronomistic writer or school; • - Served to reconcile southerners and northerners within Judah.

  38. Finkelstein: • Judah: • Served to reconcile southerners and northerners within Judah; • served for the rise of a pan-Israelite ideology; • the desire to unite “all Israel” within the borders of Judah; • point of departure for 3 centuries of scribal activity resulting in the biblical history of Israel as we know it (Textbook, p. 157).

  39. Mazar: • Extensive archaeological research in Israel and Jordan; • on settlement patterns, demography, town planning, etc.; • information on religious beliefs; • burial customs; • inscriptions, including seals and seal impressions (bullae), ostraca; • many of the finds can be related to biblical texts.

  40. Mazar: • - Controversy between the maximalists and the minimalists over the size of Jerusalem; • A debate about the chronology of Judean sites in the 8th -7th centuries BC, e.g., Lachish;

  41. Mazar: - Israel and Judah in the 9th century BC (Textbook, pp. 160-61);

  42. Mazar: - The Northern Kingdom of Israel (Textbook, pp. 162-63);

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