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Chapter 6 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Chapter 6 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System. Structures of the Heart. Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle Endocardium : Internal lining of chamber walls Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart Valves: Mitral (left), Tricuspid (right), Semilunar (2).

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Chapter 6 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

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  1. Chapter 6Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

  2. Structures of the Heart • Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle • Endocardium: Internal lining of chamber walls • Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart • Valves: Mitral (left), Tricuspid (right), Semilunar (2)

  3. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders • Auscultation: Listening through a stethoscope • ECG (electrocardiogram): Electrical recording of heart action (helps dx CAD, MI, Valve disorders, some congenital diseases) • Echocardiography: Ultrasound cardiography

  4. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders (cont) • Angiography: Done with X-rays, contrast injected – films blood vessel action • Cardiac catheterization: catheter passed into heart through blood vessels

  5. Cardiovascular DiseasesSigns and Symptoms • Hyperlipidemia: Elevation of lipids or fats in the blood. • Hypercholesterolemia: Increase in serum cholesterol. • Arteriosclerosis and/or atherosclerosis: Occlusion of artery, lack of oxygen, depends on location. • Peripheral Artery Disease: Thinning of lower leg skin, ulceration of skin, high-fat diet.

  6. Aortic Aneurysm: No symptoms at first. Artery wall is weakened, can cause bleeding which is hard to find. • Hypertension: Consistent high blood pressure, headaches, sometimes a high salt diet and alcohol consumption. • Thrombosis: Pain, blood pooling in lower extremities, deep muscle tenderness, inflammation. • Coronary Heart Disease: Chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, weakness, shortness of breath, MI.

  7. Myocarditis: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia. • Rheumatic heart disease: Fever, inflammation of joints, rash. • Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic (A) – Excessive Ventricular growth; Restrictive – Dyspnea, arthopnea, perpheral edema, weakness, fatigue. • Mitral stenosis: Increased pressure in heart, congestion of veins, cyanosis, congestive heart failure. • Aortic stenosis: Hypertrophy of left ventricle, calcified deposits on valve.

  8. Congestive Heart Failure: Shortness of breath, fatigue, edema. • Cardiac arrhythmias: Supraventricular – tachycardia, bradycardia, heart block, syncope, edema, SOB; Ventricular – SOB, fatigue, edema. • Shock: Drop in BP, too low to sustain life. • Septal defects: Heart murmur, ventriculoseptal defect causes increased blood flow to lungs. • Patent ductusarteriosus: increased pressure in lungs can lead to pulmonary hypertension.

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