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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Systems of Gas Exchange The Respiratory System Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces Breathing Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids ] The Respiratory System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Respiratory System > Systems of Gas Exchange Systems of Gas Exchange • The Respiratory System and Direct Diffusion • Skin, Gills, and Tracheal Systems • Amphibian and Bird Respiratory Systems • Mammalian Systems and Protective Mechanisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/systems-of-gas-exchange-219/

  6. The Respiratory System > Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces • Gas Pressure and Respiration • Basic Principles of Gas Exchange • Lung Volumes and Capacities • Gas Exchange across the Alveoli Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/gas-exchange-across-respiratory-surfaces-220/

  7. The Respiratory System > Breathing Breathing • The Mechanics of Human Breathing • Types of Breathing • The Work of Breathing • Dead Space: V/Q Mismatch Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/breathing-221/

  8. The Respiratory System > Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids • Transport of Oxygen in the Blood • Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/transport-of-gases-in-human-bodily-fluids-222/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. The Respiratory System Key terms • aerobicliving or occurring only in the presence of oxygen • alveolusa small air sac in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood • atmospheric pressurethe pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere above an area • bifurcateto divide or fork into two channels or branches • bronchuseither of two airways, which are primary branches of the trachea, leading directly into the lungs • carbaminohemoglobina compound made up of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide; one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood • carbon monoxidea colorless, odourless, flammable, highly toxic gas • carbonic anhydrasea family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons • coeloma fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal; the digestive system is suspended within the cavity, which is lined by a tissue called the peritoneum • dead spaceair that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange • deoxygenatedhaving removed the oxygen atoms from a molecule • diffusionThe passive movement of a solute across a permeable membrane Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Respiratory System • eupneanormal, relaxed breathing; healthy condition of inhalation and exhalation • gilla breathing organ of fish and other aquatic animals • gillsA breathing organ of fish, amphibians, and other aquatic animals. • hemethe component of hemoglobin responsible for binding oxygen; consists of an iron ion that binds oxygen and a porphyrin ring that binds the globin molecules; one molecule binds one molecule of oxygen • hemoglobiniron-containing substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body; it consists of a protein (globulin) and heme (a porphyrin ring with iron at its center) • hemoglobiniron-containing substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body; it consists of a protein (globulin) and heme (a porphyrin ring with iron at its center) • hydrostaticof or relating to fluids, especially to the pressure that they exert or transmit • hyperpneadeep and rapid respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders • intercostalbetween the ribs of an animal or person • molein the International System of Units, the base unit of amount of substance • oxyhaemoglobinthe form of hemoglobin, loosely combined with oxygen, present in arterial and capillary blood • parietal pleurathe portion of the protective tissue that lines the inner surface of the chest wall and covers the diaphragm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Respiratory System • partial pressurethe pressure one component of a mixture of gases would contribute to the total pressure • partial pressurethe pressure one component of a mixture of gases would contribute to the total pressure • perfuseto force a fluid to flow over or through something, especially through an organ of the body • pulmonary circulationthe part of blood circulation which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart • residual volumethe volume of unexpended air that remains in the lungs following maximum expiration • sickle cell anemiaa hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape • spiraclea pore or opening used (especially by spiders and some fish) for breathing • spirometrythe measurement of the volume of air that a person can move into and out of the lungs • surfactanta lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport • systemic circulationthe part of blood circulation which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart • thalassemiaan inherited disorder in which the person produces a high number of red blood cells, but the cells have lower levels of hemoglobin • tidal volumethe amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Respiratory System • tidal volumethe amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration • visceral pleurathe portion of protective tissue that is attached directly to the lungs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. The Respiratory System Oxygen transport and gills As water flows over the gills, oxygen is transferred to blood via the veins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. The Respiratory System Partial and total pressure of a gas Partial pressure is the force exerted by a gas. The sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in a mixture equals the total pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com BC Open Textbooks."22.4 Gas Exchange."CC BY 4.0https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-4-gas-exchange/View on Boundless.com

  16. The Respiratory System Hemoglobin The protein inside red blood cells (a) that carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs is hemoglobin (b). Hemoglobin is made up of four symmetrical subunits and four heme groups. Iron associated with the heme binds oxygen. It is the iron in hemoglobin that gives blood its red color. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/Figure_39_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. The Respiratory System Bird Respiration The process of inhalation and exhalation in birds. Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration — the anterior air sacs, the lungs, and the posterior air sacs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."BirdRespiration.svg.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy%23/media/File:BirdRespiration.svgView on Boundless.com

  18. The Respiratory System Partial pressures The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide change as blood moves through the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44795/latest/Figure_39_02_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  19. The Respiratory System Inhalation and exhalation The lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm are all involved in respiration, both (a) inhalation and (b) expiration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Breathing. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/Figure_39_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. The Respiratory System Visceral pleura A tissue layer called pleura surrounds the lung and interior of the thoracic cavity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Breathing. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/Figure_39_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. The Respiratory System Pulmonary edema A physiological shunt can develop if there is infection or edema in the lung which decreases ventilation, but does not affect perfusion; thus, the ventilation/perfusion ratio is affected. Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides (as shown) can cause changes in the V/Q ratio. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."PulmEdema."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PulmEdema.PNGView on Boundless.com

  22. The Respiratory System Atmospheric pressure vs altitude At high altitudes, there is a decrease in Patm, causing the partial pressures to decrease as well. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Atmospheric Pressure vs.Altitude."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Pressure_vs._Altitude.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. The Respiratory System Gas exchange This illustrates the exchange of gas in humans between a capillary and an alveolus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Alveolus2."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolus2.PNGView on Boundless.com

  24. The Respiratory System Direct diffusion This flatworm's process of respiration works by diffusion across the outer membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. The Respiratory System Common carp This common carp, like many other aquatic organisms, has gills that allow it to obtain oxygen from water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Respiratory System Insect respiration Insects perform respiration via a tracheal system, in which openings called spiracles allow oxygen to pass into the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Respiratory System Human lung volumes and capacities The total lung capacity of the adult male is six liters. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled in a single, normal breath. Inspiratory capacity is the amount of air taken in during a deep breath, while residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44795/latest/Figure_39_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Respiratory System Lung structure The trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi in the lungs. The larger right lung is made of three lobes. To accommodate the heart, the left lung is smaller, having only two lobes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. The Respiratory System Avian respiratory system (a) Birds have a flow-through respiratory system in which air flows unidirectionally from the posterior sacs into the lungs, then into the anterior air sacs. The air sacs connect to openings in hollow bones. (b) Dinosaurs, from which birds descended, have similar hollow bones and are believed to have had a similar respiratory system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Breathing. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/Figure_39_03_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. The Respiratory System Diaphragmatic breathing Animation of a diaphragm exhaling and inhaling, demonstrating diaphragmatic breathing. During inhalation, the diaphragm is contracted which increases the volume of the lung cavity. During exhalation, the diaphragm is relaxed which decreases the volume of the lung cavity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Diaphragmatic breathing."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diaphragmatic_breathing.gifView on Boundless.com

  31. The Respiratory System Boyles law This graph of data from Boyle's original 1662 experiment shows that pressure and volume are inversely related. No units are given as Boyle used arbitrary units in his experiments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Breathing. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/Figure_39_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Respiratory System Oxygen dissociation curve The oxygen dissociation curve demonstrates that as the partial pressure of oxygen increases, more oxygen binds hemoglobin. However, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen may shift to the left or the right depending on environmental conditions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/Figure_39_04_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  33. The Respiratory System Sickle cell anemia Individuals with sickle cell anemia have crescent-shaped red blood cells. Diseases such as this one cause a decreased ability in oxygen delivery throughout the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/Figure_39_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Respiratory System Carbon monoxide poisoning When carbon monoxide (CO) in the body increases, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin decreases since hemoglobin will bind more readily to CO than to oxygen. Therefore, CO exposure leads to death due to a decreased transportation of oxygen in the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/Figure_39_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. The Respiratory System FEV1/FVC ratio The ratio of FEV1 (the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second after taking a deep breath) to FVC (the total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled) can be used to diagnose whether a person has restrictive or obstructive lung disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Breathing. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/Figure_39_03_05f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. The Respiratory System Electron microscope image of cilia The bronchi and bronchioles contain cilia that help move mucus and other particles out of the lungs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. The Respiratory System Alveolar structure Terminal bronchioles are connected by respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. Each alveolar sac contains 20 to 30 spherical alveoli and has the appearance of a bunch of grapes. Air flows into the atrium of the alveolar sac, then circulates into alveoli where gas exchange occurs with the capillaries. Mucus glands secrete mucus into the airways, keeping them moist and flexible. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. The Respiratory System Route of inhalation Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavity and pharynx. It then passes through the trachea and into the bronchi, which bring air into the lungs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_06.pngView on Boundless.com

  39. The Respiratory System Trachea and bronchi structure The trachea and bronchi are made of incomplete rings of cartilage. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Systems of Gas Exchange. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/Figure_39_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Respiratory System Attribution • Wiktionary."aerobic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerobic • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/deoxygenated • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/diffusion • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44790/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."spiracle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiracle • Wiktionary."gill."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gill • Wiktionary."coelom."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelom • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."bronchus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bronchus • Wiktionary."alveolus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alveolus • Wiktionary."bifurcate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bifurcate • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 3, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44792/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • BC Open Textbooks."22.4 Gas Exchange."CC BY 4.0https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-4-gas-exchange/ • Wiktionary."partial pressure."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/partial_pressure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  41. The Respiratory System • Wiktionary."oxyhaemoglobin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxyhaemoglobin • Wiktionary."hemoglobin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemoglobin • Wiktionary."residual volume."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/residual_volume • Wiktionary."tidal volume."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tidal_volume • Wiktionary."spirometry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spirometry • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44795/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."atmospheric pressure."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atmospheric_pressure • Wiktionary."partial pressure."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/partial_pressure • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44795/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."mole."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mole • Wiktionary."hemoglobin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemoglobin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44795/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."intercostal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intercostal • Wiktionary."hyperpnea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperpnea • Wiktionary."eupnea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eupnea • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Breathing. December 2, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46549/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."parietal pleura."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parietal_pleura • Wiktionary."visceral pleura."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visceral_pleura Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  42. The Respiratory System • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."tidal volume."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tidal_volume • Wiktionary."surfactant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surfactant • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."pulmonary circulation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulmonary_circulation • Wiktionary."dead space."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_space • Wiktionary."systemic circulation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systemic_circulation • Wiktionary."hydrostatic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrostatic • Wiktionary."perfuse."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perfuse • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44797/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."heme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heme • Wikipedia."sickle cell anemia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sickle%20cell%20anemia • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/thalassemia • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."carbon monoxide."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon_monoxide • Wikipedia."carbonic anhydrase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/carbonic%20anhydrase • Wikipedia."carbaminohemoglobin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/carbaminohemoglobin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44799/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."Gill."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gill Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  43. The Respiratory System • Wikipedia."Bird Anatomy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy%23Respiratory_system • OpenStax CNX."Breathing."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:E4i-YQIZ@5/Breathing • Wikipedia."Respiratory System."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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