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The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen

Uncover the facts about hydrogen, its molecular properties, industrial production methods, and laboratory and industrial applications. Learn about deuterium production and its unique uses. Discover the role of hydrogen in various industries and its significance in chemical processes.

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The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen

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  1. The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen Presented by: Trung Jena

  2. Facts • 90% Atoms in universe • 15% Atoms in Earth’s crust • Combined with other elements • Oxygen • Carbon

  3. Isotopes 1) ¹H Protium -No neutrons 2) ²H Deuterium -One neutron 3) ³H or Radioactive Tritium -Two neutrons

  4. Molecular and Physical Properties of Diatomic Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium

  5. Industrial Production of Hydrogen Thermal Methods Electroylsis CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) → CO(g) + 3H₂(g) ΔH°= 206kJ H₂O(g) + CO(g) ↔ CO₂(g) + H₂(g) ΔH°= -41kJ Reduction Half: 2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ → H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq) E= -0.42V Oxidation Half: H₂O(l) → ⅟₂O₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ E= 0.82V _______________________________ H₂O(l) → H₂(g) + ⅟₂O₂(g) Ecell= -0.42 – 0.82 = -1.24V Step 1: -Heat reactants to 1000°C over nickel based catalyst -Results in H₂ Step 2: -To get more H₂ the product mixture is heated with steam at 400°C over an iron or cobalt oxide catalyst

  6. Laboratory Production of Hydrogen • Reduction of H₂O to H₂ and OH¯ by very active metals Ca(s) + 2H₂O(l) → Ca²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g) • Strongly Reducing hydride ion NaH(s) + H₂O(l) → Na⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g) • Reduce H⁺ in acids by less active metals Zn(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + H₂(g)

  7. Industrial Uses of Hydrogen • > 95% use in ammonia or petrochemical facilities • CH₄ (g) + H₂O(g) --> CO (g) + 3H₂(g) • A plant produces Hydrogen to make some other end product • All excess of product mixture (CH₄, CO, H₂) is burned in amount of air (N₂ and O₂) and form addition water.

  8. Industrial Uses of Hydrogen Cont. • Second major use of Hydrogen is in hydrogenation of the C=C bond in liquid oils to form the C-C bonds in solid fats and margarine • hydrogenated vegetable oils • gasoline additive

  9. Production and Uses of Deuterium • Produced from D₂O (heavy water) • 0.016 mol % D₂O in normal water • Isolated on the multition scale by electrolytic enrichment • The process is based on the kinetic isotope effect of hydrogen • Higher rate of bond breaking for O-H bond compared to O-D bonds • Higher rate of electrolysis of H₂O compared with D₂O

  10. Production and Uses of Deuterium Cont. • Deuterium gas is produced by electrolysis of D₂O • 2Na(s) + 2D₂O (l) --> 2Na+ (aq) + 2OD- (aq) + D₂ (g)

  11. Movie • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fesgl5Cs5FY

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