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TELEMEDICINE

TELEMEDICINE. A Mote-based real time health monitoring system. Introduction. Cardiovascular disease has been the number one killer in the United States for every year since 1900, and according to the American Heart Association it causes more than 2,500 American deaths each day.

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TELEMEDICINE

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  1. TELEMEDICINE A Mote-based real time health monitoring system

  2. Introduction • Cardiovascular disease has been the number one killer in the United States for every year since 1900, and according to the American Heart Association it causes more than 2,500 American deaths each day. • Electrocardiography • Least invasive technique used to monitor the heart. An • Earliest heart activity was monitored by Kolliker and Mueller in 1856. • In 1903, William Einthoven effectively recorded an electrocardiogram using a crude galvanometer. • Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology

  3. Introduction • Smart Dust • University of California, Berkley developed motes. • Crossbow Technology, Inc. 1995 • TinyOS • The research and development for the complete system is funded by the National Science Foundation – Community based Partnership for Integrated Research and Education (NSF-COPIRE) group.

  4. ECG Theory Electrical impulses • Source of voltage. • Nerve cells. • Signal acquisition. Lead II • Measures the potential difference between the right arm electrode and the left arm electrode. The third electrode (left leg) acts as neutral. • Most common diseases can be diagnosed using lead II • Figure 1 shows a typical lead II ECG signal Figure 1 lead II signal

  5. Noise Sources The ECG signal has the amplitude of about 10 mV and noise measured on the body tissue is of the order of 10-100μV. Noise comes from many low-level sources such as thermal noise and crosstalk or from biological or environmental sources • Biological sources: • muscle contraction • baseline drift • ECG amplitude modulation • due to respiration • motion noise. • Eliminated by using a low pass filter. • Environmental sources: • electrode contact noise • instrumentation noise. • Power line interference • Eliminated using a notch filter

  6. Wireless Sensor Networks • Research on sensor networks started around 1980 at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA): Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program. • Sensor network technology relies on integration of technologies from three different research areas: sensing, communication and computing. • Radio Frequency • Made available worldwide • Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) band 2400 MHz – 2483.5 MHz

  7. Factors influencing sensor network design There are six main factors used to serve as a guideline to design a protocol or an algorithm for wireless sensor networks. a) Fault tolerance b) Scalability c) Flexibility d) Transmission media e) Power consumption f) Production costs

  8. Network Topology • The motes can operate in three types of topologies; • Point to Point topology • Ad-hoc topology • Hybrid topology • The Hybrid topology is shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2 : Hybrid Topology • Also known as Mesh

  9. Screen capture of motes operating in Star Topology Figure 3 : Star topology

  10. Screen capture of motes operating in Hybrid topology Figure 4: Hybrid topology

  11. Routing • Sensor node (MicaZTM) deployment • Scattered sensor field as shown in Figure 5 • Routing through the MIB600CATM Figure 5: Data Routing • There are two main ways of routing data: • Gossiping • Flooding

  12. Routing Protocols • Two tasks of a routing protocol: • Route discovery • Route maintenance • There are 5 main routing protocols: • Negotiation based protocols • Direct Diffusion • Energy aware routing • Rumor routing • Multipath routing

  13. TinyOS • It is an event-driven system • It is designed to handle a high degree of concurrent applications • The implementation language for the system is nested C (nesC). • Node ID and Group ID

  14. MDA 300 Data acquisition card Mica Interface Board (MIB 600) ECG Circuit Board Laptop / Personal Computer Mica Z Mica Z Hardware Implementation • The overall system can be broken down into smaller subsystems. The three fundamental components are the ECG circuit board, the wireless system and the monitoring computer. • System configuration can be seen in the system block diagram shown in Figure 6 below Figure 6: System Block Diagram

  15. Hardware Implementation • Actual hardware implementation of the EKG circuit board, acquisition unit and wireless sensor network is shown in Figure 7 Figure 7: Hardware Implementation

  16. ECG System • Electrodes • Instrumentation Amplifier • Signal Filtering • Low pass filter • Notch filter • ECG system block diagram is shown in Figure 8 below Figure 8: ECG system block diagram

  17. Wireless System • The wireless system is supposed to link the data acquired from the physical network to a local PC • Wireless system framework • First layer: Mote layer • Second layer: Gateway • Third layer: Visualization layer Figure 9: Wireless system

  18. Wireless System The wireless sensor network required to accomplish the following six tasks i. Data Acquisition ii. Encoding data iii. Data transmission iv. Data reception v. Decoding data vi. Data Interpretation Figure 10: Wireless system requirement

  19. MDA300CATM MDA300CATM can be used as a low-power wireless data acquisition device and it is used to interface with the MicaZ’s. • 6 Digital channels (D0 – D5) • 7 Single ended Analog channels (A0 – A6) • 3 Differential Analog channels (A11 – A13) • 4 Differential Precision analog channels (A7 – A10) • Internal Channels: for onboard sensor for temperature and humidity. Figure 11: MDA300CATM

  20. MPR2400 (MicaZTM) • Microprocessor: Atmel ATMega 128L • 128KB flash; 4KB SRAM • Radio: Chipcon’s CC2420 • 250 Kbps data rate • DSSS encoding, O-QPSK modulation • 14 Channels 11 (2.405 GHz) - 25 (2.480 GHz) separated by 5 MHz • 64 bit Serial ID • 51 pin expansion connector • Eight 10 bit analog I/O • 21 General Purpose digital I/O • Power Options • 2 AA cells Figure 12: MPR2400

  21. MIB600CATM • The MIB600CATM Ethernet interface board provides connectivity to MicaZTM’s for communication and in-system programming. • It has two main functions • Gateway (mote RF to Ethernet bridge) • Programming • Atmel16L In-system processor • 51 pin Hirose expansion connector • TCP/IP serial server • Port #10002 • IP address • Two power options • 5 VDC adapter power • Power over Ethernet Figure 13: MIB600CATM

  22. Mote Programming • Mote Programming can be done in two ways: • Direct programming, where the mote is physically connected to the MIB600CATM • Over the Air Mote Programming (OTAP) • GoldenImage • Program is deluge-enabled • Node 0 programmed • Advantages of over the air programming • sensor nodes are deployed in harsh environments • Programs developed by Crossbow Technology Inc. • XMDA300CA_LPTM • TOSBaseTM

  23. Packet Formation • The XMDA300_LPTM breaks the data into packets to effectively route it to the base station. A typical message packet is shown in Figure 14 below. Figure 14: Typical message packet • The MAC Delay is the delay in milliseconds prior to transmission. The 8-byte Preamble helps the receiver to synchronize its timer to the incoming data. The 2 Synchronization bytes indicates the start of the data. The typical MicaZTM Tiny OS message is 41 bytes long; it can be up to 125 bytes long.

  24. Packet Formation • The TinyOS message structure is shown in Figure 15 below Figure 15: TinyOS Message structure • The MicaZTM TinyOS message contains: Header Payload Length 1 byte Frame Control 2 bytes Sequence Number 1 byte Destination ID 2 bytes TOS Address 2 bytes TOS AM Type 1 byte TOS Group ID 1 byte Service Data Unit Data Payload 29 bytes Frame Check Sum CRC 2 bytes

  25. Packet Description The XMDA300CA_LPTM program divides the data into four packets As follows. Packet 2 data[0] : sensor id, MDA300 = 0x81 data[1] : packet number = 2 data[2] : node id data[3] : reserved data[4,5] : analog adc data Ch.7 data[6,7] : analog adc data Ch.8 data[8,9] : analog adc data Ch.9 data[10,11] : analog adc data Ch.10 data[12,13] : analog adc data Ch.11 data[14,15] : analog adc data Ch.12 data[16,17] : analog adc data Ch.13 Packet 1 data[0] : sensor id, MDA300 = 0x81 data[1] : packet number = 1 data[2] : node id data[3] : reserved data[4,5] : analog adc data Ch.0 data[6,7] : analog adc data Ch.1 data[8,9] : analog adc data Ch.2 data[10,11] : analog adc data Ch.3 data[12,13] : analog adc data Ch.4 data[14,15] : analog adc data Ch.5 data[16,17] : analog adc data Ch.6

  26. Packet Description Packet 3 data[0] : sensor id, MDA300 = 0x81 data[1] : packet number = 3 data[2] : node id data[3] : reserved data[4,5] : digital data Ch.0 data[6,7] : digital data Ch.1 data[8,9] : digital data Ch.2 data[10,11] : digital data Ch.3 data[12,13] : digital data Ch.4 data[14,15] : digital data Ch.5 Packet 4 data[0] : sensor id, MDA300 = 0x81 data[1] : packet number = 4 data[2] : node id data[3] : reserved data[4,5] : battery data[6,7] : humidity data[8,9] : temperature data[10,11] : counter data[14] : msg4_status (debug)

  27. Packets observed • At the present stage of the project, the data packets have been segregated and saved on the local machine. One of the subgroups in the NSF COPIRE group is presently working on representing the packet data visually. • The sample packets are monitored by running Xlisten application on Cygwin. Figure 16: Sample packets

  28. Interference Issues • The license-free 2.4 GHz band encouraged the development of different technologies such as wireless LAN, Bluetooth and ZigBee. Appliances such as microwaves, cordless phones, baby monitors also operate in the same frequency spectrum. • The main concern of using this band is the possibility of intersystem interference. • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) involves spreading bandwidth to allow multiple nodes to simultaneously use the same bandwidth. • Advantages of spread spectrum • Resistance to multipaths fading and narrowband jamming. • Data security

  29. Security Issues • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. • TinySec is a link-layer security architecture • Transmitting the data over the Internet, protocols such as IPSec, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure SHell (SSH) secure communications. • Sensor networks are susceptible to environmental or intentional physical attacks such as: • node capture • physical tampering • denial of service

  30. Applications Sensor networks may consist of many different types of sensors and can be used for continuous sensing, event detection and location sensing, due to this, they can be used to cater to diverse health related applications. • Wearable health monitoring systems • Data indicating an imminent medical condition, an emergency service can be notified. • Patients with either chronic conditions or who are undergoing supervised recovery can be monitored from the comfort of their own homes. • Wireless sensor nodes could also be used to locate doctors and nurses within hospitals. • In pharmaceutical applications, sensor nodes could be used to track shipments • Military applications

  31. Future Development • Presently the project is still in the software development phase and the NSF-COPIRE group is working on logical representation of the data on the local PC or a handheld device like a PDA and creating a database. • In the future, using the Mica2DotTM motes instead of the MicaZ’s to increase the portability of the system. • Figure 17 shows the Mica2DotTM mote in comparison to a US quarter. Figure 17: Mica2DotTM • The ultimate goal of this system is relaying the vital data to doctors and emergency medical technicians and ambulance systems.

  32. Conclusion • The NSF COPIRE project has taken the first step towards the next major advance in the evolution of cardiology. The prototype consists of reduced cabling and reduced configuration issues. • The current state of the project is a platform on which design enhancements can be made, the proposed end product is very realistic and attainable. • In the future, wireless health systems could help to meet the health needs of the entire household. This will lower the cost of healthcare and effectively preventing a public health crisis. • Wireless sensor networks, in future, will be an integral part of our lives, monitoring multiple health related signals and offering faster response times. • As TinyOS is a public / open source domain, it will unify academic and industrial research efforts, thus, improving sensor networks.

  33. NSF COPIRE group

  34. Demonstration

  35. Questions

  36. Thank you

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