Europe on the Brink of War: Causes and Consequences of World War I

2. Preview Starting Points Map: European Alliances and Military Forces Main Idea / Reading Focus Europe on the Brink of War Quick Facts: Causes of World War I War Breaks Out Fighting in 1914 Faces of History: Kaiser Wilhelm II Map: World War I Battles, 1914 The Great War Begins

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4. The Great War Begins Main Idea Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I. • Reading Focus • Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? • Why did war break out? • What were the results of the fighting in 1914?

5. World War I and the Russian Revolution Witness History Audio: The Spark: Borijove Jevtic Alliances Draw Lines Because of distrust among nations, two large alliances emerged—the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary and the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain. Geography Interactive: European Alliances and Military Build-Up, 1914 Section 1: The Great War Begins Rivalries and Nationalism Increase Tension Economic rivalries, struggles over colonies, arms races, and aggressive nationalism pushed Europe toward war. Note Taking Transparency 169 1 of 7

6. Rising tensions in Europe, 1914 Tensions result of four factors Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Europe on the Brink of War

7. Alliances Militarism • Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces • Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente • Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight • Massive military buildup in European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s • Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations • Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble • Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict Europe on the Brink of War

8. Nationalism Imperialism • Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s • Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power • Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe • Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire • Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to build empires • Created rivalry, ill will among European nations • Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations • Each did not want others to gain power Europe on the Brink of War

10. Some of strongest nationalist tensions in Balkans in Serbia, independent nation Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people in “greater Serbia” Austria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposed expansion Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups there to rebel Tensions continued to rise in early 1900s Europe on the Brink of War

12. Summarize Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? Answer(s): rising tensions as result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

13. World War I and the Russian Revolution The Powder Keg Ignites In Sarajevo the nephew of the Austrian emperor was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, causing Austria (backed by Germany) to declare war on Serbia. Alliances Kick In Section 1: The Great War Begins Serbia enlisted the help of its ally, Russia, which brought France along with it into the war. Britain joined the war when Germany invaded neutral Belgium. Chart: Reasons for Entering the War, July-August 1914 Color Transparency 157: The Schlieffen Plan 2 of 7

21. The Impact Fighting Begins • Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Russia prepared to support Serbia • Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat • Germany declared war on Russia, ally France • Germany faced war on two fronts: Russia to east, France to west • Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia • Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium • Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany War Breaks Out In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

22. Main players in World War I in place Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Serbia War Breaks Out

23. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 1 Color Transparency 157: The Schlieffen Plan 6 of 7

24. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 1 Chart: Reasons for Entering the War, July-August 1914 5 of 7

25. World War I and the Russian Revolution Reaction to the War The war took peoples’ minds off domestic problems and united the citizens of each country under patriotism. Section 1: The Great War Begins QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 7

26. Women in War Millions of men at battle Work on home front done by women Some worked in factories, producing war supplies Others served as nurses to wounded Contributions of women Transformed public views of women Helped women win right to vote War on the Home Front

27. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 1 Note Taking Transparency 169 4 of 7

28. Sequence What events led to the outbreak of World War I? Answer(s): Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared war on Germany

29. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 1 Progress Monitoring Transparency 7 of 7