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Philip Lin, PhD Candidate Communication and Media Research Institute University of Westminster

Philip Lin, PhD Candidate Communication and Media Research Institute University of Westminster The Call of Duty series and the Reflected Intertextuality: A Snapshot on Gamer Experience. A Transition from Military-Entertainment Complex 1.0 to Military-Entertainment Complex 2.0.

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Philip Lin, PhD Candidate Communication and Media Research Institute University of Westminster

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  1. Philip Lin, PhD Candidate Communication and Media Research Institute University of Westminster The Call of Duty series and the Reflected Intertextuality: A Snapshot on Gamer Experience

  2. A Transition from Military-Entertainment Complex 1.0 to Military-Entertainment Complex 2.0 • The Global Diffusion of Militainment (Stahl 2010) • The Military-Entertainment Complex (see McKenzie 1996, Hetz 1998, Derian 2001, Stockwell and Nuir 2003, Leonard 2004, Lenoir and Lowood 2005, Turse 2008, Ottosen 2009) • Examples: - US: America’ Army (AA), 2002 - China: Glorious Mission, 2012 - UK: Start Thinking Soldier, 2009 • More commercial war-themed FPS game series released after 9/11: - Battlefield - Medal of Honour - Call of Duty

  3. McKenzie Wark (2007): “Everything the military-entertainment complex touches with its gold-plated output jacks turns into digits. Everything is digital and yet the digital is nothing. No human can touch it, smell it, taste it. It just beeps and blinks and reports itself in glowing alphanumerics…Sure, there may be vivid 3D graphics…pie charts and bar graphs…swirls and whorls of brightly colored polygons blazing from screen to screen. But these are just decoration. The jitter of your thumb on the button or the flicker of your wrist on the mouse connect directly to an invisible, intangible gamespace of pure contest, pure agon.”

  4. Make Sense of Conflict (Gaming Genre) • Based on Dunnigan’s (1992) ‘conflict simulation’, and Caillois’ (1961) interpretation of ‘agon.’ • Conflict in games is defined by contemporary game theorists like Crawford (2003) and Prensky (2001) • The pleasure of playing FPS games, according to King (2007)… • Gaming as ‘imagination practice’ • FPS as a ‘Western’ genre (Kent 2004, Carr 2007)

  5. Research Methods: • Method One: Online Questionnaire - 433 Global Respondents • Method Two: In-depth Interviews - 11 Interviewees with Taiwanese COD Gamers * Two Themes in development - The perceptionally detectable intertextuality - The ‘lag’ problem and gamers’ self-awareness of physical location in the real world

  6. “Playing these games is all about executing your own and your team strategies. These things are always reflected in the plots of those classic American war movies. Whoever watch Hollywood movies and play the WWII-based games can tell that so many of these brilliantly-made game scenarios actually copied the Gulf War. Some even remind me certain parts of the movie in Black Hawk Down or some rescue missions in Saving Private Ryan. They just look so similar. The ways of giving your attacks are so similar too. By applying the experience from the movies into the gameplay, I see the heroic projection of myself as the handsome warriors just like in those films.” (Bob Chang/31/Furniture Sales Executive/I7)

  7. “They (war games) are so exciting…just like these war movies, Pearl Harbour, Saving Private Ryan and Black Hawk Down. Sometimes I do connect movies and games together. I sense that the movie always came first and then you got these games all about war. A lot of things between them are quite similar, because you shoot, you kill, you get anguished.” (Li-Chiang Hsiao/35/Bank Officer/I8)

  8. “I began to develop more interests in these (war) games when I grew up. Most COD I have played are made just like the movies Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. If someone is always interested in history, WW I, WW II, and war stories, then he will definitely be drawn into these games…The ways of their camera pans and the animations inside these games are just more and more like movies. With the perfect background music added to it, you just can’t help but throwing yourself totally in these games.” (Arthur Lin/33/Hair Salon Manager/I2)

  9. “You know not long ago, there is this film called The Hurt Locker and I think it won the Oscar in 2008. It’s directed by James Cameron’s ex-wife, Kathryn Bigelow, and its main story is about an elite Army bomb team. I remember clearly after watching this movie, I really felt my hands get very itchy and so wanted to kill some ‘bad guys’ in the game.” (Samuel Chuang/30/IT sales Executive/I1)

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