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Development

Study how individuals grow and change throughout life, focusing on infancy and childhood stages. Understand the impact of early experiences on later development and learn about potential problems and treatments. Explore nature vs. nurture, critical periods, maturation, stages vs. continuity, and physical and psychological development milestones.

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Development

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  1. Development

  2. Developmental Psychology • Psychologists study how people grow and change throughout the life span- from conception to death • Interested in two stages in infancy and childhood: • Early childhood experiences affect people as adolescents and adults • By studying early stages of development, can learn about developmental problems (what causes them and how to treat them)

  3. Developmental Psychology • Learn about what types of experiences in infancy and childhood foster healthy and well-adjusted children and adults

  4. Two types of studies used in Developmental Psychology • Longitudinal- select a group of participants and then observe that same group of participants and then observe that same group for a period of time, often years or even decades (very time consuming and expensive) • Cross-Sectional- researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages then compare the participants in the different age groups

  5. General Issues • Developmental psychologists are concerned with two general issues • The ways in which heredity and environmental influences contribute to human development • Whether development occurs gradually or in stages

  6. Nature vs. Nurture • Long debate over the extent to which human behavior is determined by heredity (nature) or environment (nurture) • Some aspects of behavior originate in heredity • Certain behaviors are biologically “programmed” to develop as long as children receive adequate nutrition and social experiences

  7. Maturation • Maturation- the automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals • Infants crawl before walking • Sequence happens automatically and on its own genetically determined timetable • Infants will not perform certain skills until they are “ready”

  8. Critical Period • The concept of “readiness” relates to an important term: critical period • A stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern • Research suggests that there may be a critical period for language development in humans

  9. Critical Period • Some psychologists believe maturation is the most important role in development • John Watson and John Locke believed in the idea that the mind of the infant is like a tabula rasa (Latin for blank slate) • The mind is clean and experiences write on the mind • “nurture” will have the greatest effect on the infant • Nutrition, family background, culture, and learning experiences at home, community, and school

  10. Stage vs. Continuity Development • Stage development- a period or level in the development process that is distinct from other levels • Continual development- a gradual process, happens slowly and gradually, tends to go unnoticed

  11. Physical Development • Height and Weight • Infancy- the period from birth to the age of two years • Usually double birth weight in about 5 months and triple by one year • Grow about 10 inches in the first year, 2nd year gain another four to six inches and four to seven pounds

  12. Physical Development • Height and Weight • Childhood- period from two years to adolescence • Gain on average two to three inches in height and four to six pounds in weight each year until they read the start of adolescence

  13. Physical Development • Motor Development • 4-5 months- turns from stomach to side • 5-6 months- turns from stomach to back • 6-7 months- turns from back to stomach • 7-8 months- sits • 8-9 months- crawls • 9-10 months- kneels • 11,12, 13 months- stands • 12, 14, 15, 16 months- walks

  14. Psychological Development • What are the Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood? • Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory • Developmental psychologists investigate not only what children think but how they think • Piaget studied children’s intellectual development for 50 years. • Concentrated his studies on his children • Noticed children go through changes in thought at various stages

  15. Piaget • 3 ideas which distinguish Piaget’s approach • Schemas • Interaction of assimilation and accommodation • Stages of cognitive development

  16. Piaget • Schemas- mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thought • Guide thinking • Building blocks of development • Form and change as we develop and organize our knowledge to deal with new experiences and predict future events

  17. Piaget • Assimilation and Accommodation • Underlie all cognitive growth • Assimiliation- a mental process that modifies new information to fit with existing schemas (ex. Pepperoni goes with pizza) • Accommodation- process of restructuring or modifying schemas to incorporate new information

  18. Piaget • Assimilation and Accommodation • Piaget felt cognitive development results from both assimilation and accommodation working together • Individual’s behavior and knowledge become less dependent on concrete external reality and more reliant on internal thought • Assimilation makes new information fit our existing views of the world • Accommodation changes our views to fit new information

  19. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Dev. • Four Cognitive Stages • Sensorimotor- infancy • Preoperational- early childhood • Concrete Operational- middle childhood • Formal Operational- adolescence • All are based on sensory reaction to logical thought • All children progress through these stages in the same sequence

  20. Sensorimotor Stage • Birth to nearly 2 years of age • Babies take in the world through their sensory & motor interactions with objects • Young infants lack object permanence- the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived • By 8 months, begin exhibiting memory for things no longer seen

  21. Sensorimotor Stage • Piaget assumed before age 2, infants could not think • They recognize things, smile at them, crawl to them. Manipulate them • Do not think abstractly

  22. Preoperational Stage • Preschool period up to age 6 or 7 • Piaget felt children are too young to perform mental operations • Lack the concept of conservation- the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape • Thought children were egocentric- difficulty taking another’s point of view • Causes them to appear to be “selfish”

  23. Preoperational Stage • Premack and Woodruff developed the concept of theory of mind- people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states- about feelings, perceptions and thoughts, the behavior these might predict • Develop the ability to tease, empathize, and persuade • Between 3½ & 4½, children worldwide come to realize that others may hold false beliefs

  24. Preoperational Stage • Can understand feelings (sad events cause sad feelings) • Understand thoughts can cause feelings • Between 5&8, learn that spontaneous self-produced thoughts can also create feelings • Age7- Children become increasingly capable of thinking in words and of using words to work out solutions to problems • Can internalize their culture’s language and rely on inner speech

  25. Concrete Operational • 6 or 7 years old • Begin to understand conservation • Gain the full mental ability to comprehend mathematical transformations and conservation

  26. Formal Operations • 12 years old • Reasoning expands from purely concrete (involving actual experience) to encompass abstract thinking (involving realities and symbols) • Become capable of solving hypothetical propositions and deducing consequences • Systematic reasoning

  27. Is Piaget correct? • According to today’s research, Piaget’s theories are correct • More continuous • Young people are incapable of adult logic • Cognitive maturity is adaptive

  28. Parenting Styles • Authoritative • Warm, attentive, sensitive to child’s needs and interests • Make reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level, explains and enforces rules • Permits child to make decisions in accord with developmental readiness, listens to child’s viewpoint

  29. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian • Cold, rejecting, frequently degrades the child • Highly demanding, may use coercion by yelling, commanding, criticizing, and reliance on punishment • Makes most decisions for the child, rarely listens to child’s viewpoint

  30. Parenting Styles • Permissive • Warm but may spoil the child • Makes few or no demands- often out of misplaced concern for child’s self-esteem • Permits child to make decisions before the child is ready

  31. Parenting Styles • Uninvolved • Emotionally detached, withdrawn, inattentive • Make few or no demands- often lacking in interest or expectations for the child • Indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view

  32. Parenting Styles • Children of authoritative parents tend to be confident, self-reliant, enthusiastic- overall happier, less troublesome, and more successful • Children of authoritarian parents tend to be anxious and insecure • Children of permissive and uninvolved parents tend to be less mature, more impulsive, more dependent, and more demanding

  33. Effects of Daycare • Good News • Most children thrive • Do well-sometimes even better- both intellectually and socially as children raised at home by a full time parent

  34. Effects of Daycare • Bad News • Poor facilities cause aggression, depression, and maladjustment • Usually caused by children receiving little attention • Those in poor facilities are usually raised in poor, unorganized, and highly stressed families • Inadequate day care and family pressure can lead to children with emotional & behavioral problems

  35. School & Leisure Activities • Children in the US have more free time than anywhere else in the world • Spend time “hanging out” with friends • Involved in structured activities such as clubs and other organizations

  36. Attachment • The emotional ties that form between people • Can form stranger anxiety- fear of strangers • Can also form separation anxiety- causes infants to cry or behave in ways that indicate distress if their mothers leave them

  37. Child Abuse and Neglect • Child abuse- physical or psychological • Neglect- failure to give a child adequate food, shelter, clothing, emotional support, or schooling • Physical child abuse- the physical assault of a child

  38. Child Abuse and Neglect • Causes of child abuse: • Stress • A history of child abuse in at least one parent’s family of origin • Acceptance of violence as a way of coping with stress • Lack of attachment to the child • Substance abuse • Rigid attitudes about child rearing

  39. Self-Esteem • The value or worth that people attach to themselves • Carl Rogers stated there are two types of support parents can give their children: • Unconditional positive regard- parents love and accept their children for who they are, no matter how they behave • Conditional positive regard- parents show their love only when the children behave in certain acceptable ways

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