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資訊技術專題討論 H

資訊技術專題討論 H. 694520031 黃羨雯. had better. Q : 中文裡 “ 您最好 …” 是提出建議、請求或勸告的一 種很客氣、很委婉、有禮貌的說法。把它譯成英語,便 是 you had better 。不知有無區別? A : you had better 並不是提出建議或請求的一種很客氣的 說法。因此不與 “ 您最好 ” 同義。英語裡 you had better 含有 “ 有義務做某事 ” ( have a duty to )的意

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資訊技術專題討論 H

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  1. 資訊技術專題討論H 694520031 黃羨雯

  2. had better Q:中文裡“您最好…”是提出建議、請求或勸告的一 種很客氣、很委婉、有禮貌的說法。把它譯成英語,便 是you had better。不知有無區別? A:you had better並不是提出建議或請求的一種很客氣的 說法。因此不與“您最好”同義。英語裡you had better含有“有義務做某事”(have a duty to)的意 思,近似於you should, you ought go。例如: • He warned me that I had better not say anything about that. 他警告我對這件事最好隻字不提。

  3. had better/better Q:Better not wait for them.(最好不要 等他們。)請問這裡用better代替had better 是否正確? A:在口語英文中,had better中的had常省略: You better try it again.其中主詞也可省略: Better try it again. • You better not do it. 你最好不做這件。

  4. had better not/hadn’t better Q:(A) Had we better not leave now? (B) Hadn’t we better leave now? 哪一個是正確的?如果皆正確,意義上有 無區別? A:had better有二種否定形式 A.否定詞not放在整個習慣用語had better之後,即had better not:

  5. I’dbetter not disturb him. 我最好不打擾他。 B. 否定詞not放在had better的第一個詞之後,即 hadn’t better或had not better。一般用在疑問 句裡: • Hadn’t you bettergo with her? 你跟她去,不是很好嗎???

  6. had he been Q:Had he been more careful, he would not have made any spelling mistakes.畫線部 分是什麼意思? A:Had he been=If he had been。由於had提 到主詞前,故省去if。 • Had you not helped me, I should have failed. 如果沒有你的幫助,我就失敗了。

  7. had rather Q:Ms. Miller had rather spend theentire summer in the heat of New York City thantravel with her cousinsto Maine. (TOFEL) 上道TOFEL題要求將had rather 改為 would rather。但是閱讀中常讀到had rather的用法,這是怎麼一回事?

  8. A:had rather在英語原著中確實屢見不鮮。 • I had rather resign. 我寧願辭職 • I said I had rather go on a picnic with the girls. 我說過我寧願跟女孩們去吃野餐。 但是托福的出題者認為had rather不是正式語體,應加以排斥。Michael Swan也持有這種觀點。Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary的編著們作了完全相反的論述: 在現代英語中你既可以使用had rather,也可以使用would rather。現在沒有人反對其中的任何一種形式。

  9. hair/hairs Q:She has gray hair. She has gray hairs. 請問這二個句子有什麼區別? A:hair用於整個頭髮或毛髮時,是集合名詞,不能 採用複數形式。 • He had his hair cut. 他理了髮。 當hair用於表示一根根頭髮時,則是可數名詞。 • She found two hairs. 她找到了二根頭髮

  10. a half/half a Q:a half minute與half a minute哪個說 法是正確的? A:二個說法都是正確的,例如: • a half pound, a half hour. 半磅、半小時 • We need six eggs and half a kilo of butter. 我們需要六個雞蛋和半公斤奶油。 但,美國作家認為a half mile比half a mile更正式、更正 確。

  11. a half a dollar Q:a half a dollar是否為正確的格式? A:a half a dollar (a half an hour)雖然 在口語中常出現,但目前人們仍認為這種 用法是不標準的。

  12. half a year/a half year Q:Stan spent ____ collecting material for his new book. A. a half yearB. half a year C. a half years D. half of a year 該書的答案是B,選A是錯的嗎? A:選A、B皆正確。實際上,按現代語言學家的觀 點,a half year比half a year更正式。

  13. half of…is/are Q:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been found in central and eastern Canada. 請問half of +名詞充當主詞時,其動詞是使用單數還是 複數? A:half of +名詞充當主詞時,其動詞的單複數決定於half of之後的名詞(或代名詞)單複數。名詞為單數,動詞用 單數,名詞為複數,動詞用複數。 • Half of it was damaged. 它的一半受到損壞。 • Half of them are here. 他們之中有一半已在這裡。

  14. one and a half…is/are Q:《英語慣用法大辭典》說:”one and a half後面的名 詞用複數,動詞習慣用單數:One and a half months has elapsed.” 《英語慣用法辭典》也是這麼 說的:One and a half apples is left on the table. 不知是否符合英語的實際使用情況。 A:這種說法並不完全符合英語的實際使用情況: • One and a half years have passed since we last met. 自從我們最後一次見面,已過了一年半。 One and + 一個分數或百分數同樣要用複數動詞來表示一致,這是因為複數的概念不是表示至少二個,而是表示一個以上。就近原則使得選用複數動詞更有道理。

  15. one and a half years/years Q:It will take ____ to finish this course. A. one and a half year’s time B. a year and a half’s time C. a year and a half of time D. a year and a half time 正確答案為B。為什麼不能選A? A:one and a half後面的名詞應使用複數。A項 中的year’s是year的單數所有格。

  16. by half/by halves Q:請辯析by half 與by halves. A:by half指”大大地”;”(減少或增加)一半”,而by halves是指”不完全地”、”不徹底地”、”半心半意地”。 請比較: • Too long by half. 長了一半 • They have reduced costs by half. 他們將成本降低了一半。 • Better not do it at all than do it by halves. 與其做不完整,還不如乾脆不做。 • He never does things by halves. 他做事從不半途而廢。

  17. in half/in halves1 Q:(A) Cut it in halves. (B) Cut it in half. 上面二個句子哪個用法正確? A:從邏輯上來看,句(A)當然是正確的,因為一個物品在切 割後變成了二半(複數)。但,從慣用法看,在動詞cut, break, divide或fold等動詞 後,使用in half 也是正確 的,而且是較常見的用法: • Fold the bill in half and then in half again. 把這張紙幣對折一次,然後再對折一次。

  18. in half/in halves2 Q:1.Cut it in half (into halves)《最新高級英漢詞典》 對切,切成二半。 2.Please cut it in half (into halves) 《英漢大詞典》 請把它切成二半。 3.I cut the cake in half (into halves) 《英語慣用法大詞典》我把蛋糕切成二半。 這三本詞典均未列入cut it in halves,但,我認為只有in halves才是合乎邏輯的,而in half是不合邏輯的。請分析。 A:正像語言學家所指出的,in half似乎是不合邏輯的,但許多 語言現象並不是處處都符合邏輯。它的符合邏輯的說法應當是 in halves。但,事實上,這種符合邏輯的說法雖然存在,但 它比不符合邏輯的說法罕見得多。例: • Cut it in halves. 把它切成二半。

  19. not half Q: (1)The food’s not half bad.這食物很好。 (2)The show was not half good. 這場表演很好。 在上面的句子裡,not half bad和not half good都譯為”很好”,這是怎麼一回事? A:not half有二種相矛盾的含義:1.”連一半都不 (沒 有)”。可以引申為”一點也不(沒有)”,相當於not at all;2.不是一半(而是整個地、完全地),相當於quite, very, very much, a lot, to a considerable degree。

  20. A.not half與bad或badly連用時,常具有第一種含義: • Your new suit isn’thalf bad.(”I like it.”) 你的新禮服相當不錯 當形容詞或副詞後有副詞enough時,not half也常具有此種含義: • The rope is not half long enough. 這根繩子的長度遠遠不夠。 B. 在口語中,尤其在英式英語中,not half 常具有第二種含義: • It’s not half cold today. 今天很涼 • “Do you like chocolates?” “Oh, not half!” “你喜歡吃巧克力嗎?” “啊,非常喜歡!”

  21. by hand/with hand Q:”These look like machine stitches to me.” “No, they are all made___.” A. with hand B. with hands C. by hand D. by hands 答案為C,但我認為A也是正確的。 A:這裡只能選C,而不能選A。因為by hand是固定片語,hand前不加冠詞,意思是”手工地”。 • The rug was obviously made by hand. 很明顯,這小地毯是人工編織的。 With與hand搭配時必須使用冠詞等形容詞,並且不表示”手 工地”、”人工地意思”。 • He ruled the country with a firm hand. 他以鐵的手腕統治這個國家。

  22. out of hand Q:Children are likely to get ___ if no one cares about their upbringing. A. away from the hand B. out of the hand C. out of hand D. away from hand 正確答案為C,但我無法分析get out of hand(難以控 制)的結構。 A:get可以用作連綴動詞,與分詞構成系表結構(如get tired, get lost)。同樣,用作連綴動詞的get也可以與 介系詞片語構成系表結構。 • Finally, worst of all, Herb was getting more and more out of hand. 最後,最糟的是,赫伯越來越不聽話了。

  23. It happened that Q:It happened that the harvest was bad in 1788. 這裡的that子句應分析為什麼子句? A:有些語言學家把上句的that字句看作是主詞子句,主詞 子句可以提前,但這裡的that字句卻是不能提前的。這 裡的it是無人稱it或虛設it,充當句子的主詞。它只是填 補句法上的空缺,並無實際含義。所以,我們認為把 that子句看作是述語子句(主詞補語子句)似乎更符合實 際情況。 x The harvest was bad in 1788 happened.

  24. happen to (do)/happen to sb. Q:happen to do (to為動詞不定詞符號)與happen to sb. (to為介系詞)在語意上有區別嗎? A:happen to (to為動詞不定詞符號)表示”碰巧”、”恰 好”: • Someone in the ticket office happened to notice her. 售票處正好有人注意到了她。 happen to sb. (to為介系詞)表示”(某人)發生某事” • A bad accident happened to the family. 那家發生了不幸。

  25. happily Q:(1)Happily(Thankfully), John refuses to speak. (2)Rightly, John returned the money. 句(2)可以改寫為John is right to return the money.(約 翰把錢還了,是正確的)。句(1)是否也可改寫為John is happy to refuse to speak.? A:副詞happily和thankfully用作句子副詞時,與其他副詞wisely, rightly, foolishly, frankly是不同的。後者是指主詞所表示的人是”明智的”、”正確的”、”愚蠢的”,而前者並不是指主詞所表示的人”高興的”、”感謝的”,而是指說話者”高興的”或泛指人們”感謝的”。因此句(1)可以改寫為: • I am happy that John refuses to speak. 我很高興,約翰拒絕發言。 • One is thankful that John refuses to speak 謝天謝地,約翰拒絕發言。

  26. the harder…the… Q:They became the hungrier the harder they worked.這個句子在意義上是否等於The hungrier they became, the harder they worked.呢? A:在The sooner, the better這種句型裡,前為子句,後 為主要子句。因此The hungrier they became, the harder they worked.應譯為”他們越餓,做得越起 勁”。但是在They became the hungrier the harder they worked.這種句型,前面為主要子句,後面為子 句。因此翻譯時應把次序顛倒過來,即先翻後面再翻前 面。 • They became the hungrier the harder they worked.= The harder they worked the hungrier they became. 他們做得愈起勁,就越餓。

  27. hardly1 Q:No matter how hardly he pushed, the door would not open.(不管他怎麼用力推, 門都打不開。) 這個句子有毛病嗎? A:hard與hardly具有完全不同的含義。副詞hard 作”努力地”、”用力地”、”厲害地”解,而副詞 hardly作”幾乎不”(almost not)解。 • He hardly works. x他努力工作 o他幾乎不工作

  28. hardly2 Q:When we finally managed to get home after the tiring long journey, we could not hardly move a step further. Not hardly是錯誤的。但我認為we could not hardly move是正確的,它的意思恰好相當 於”我們幾乎不能移動”。 A:hardly屬於半否定詞,不應把hardly譯作”幾乎”,而應 譯作”幾乎不”。因此,在表示否定含義時,不應再出現 其他否定詞,如not, no, none等等。 • I hardly know how to write. 我幾乎還不會寫字

  29. hardly/no sooner Q:(1)Hardly had we got into the country___ it began to rain. (2) I had scarcely come in ___ the phone ran. (3) He had barely arrived___ he had to leave again. (4) He had no sooner returned ___ he bought a fine house. 這些句型都是”一……就……”,但我不知道什麼時候使用 than,什麼時候使用when。 A:在上列句型裡,than只與副詞的比較級連用(no sooner…than),而副詞scarcely和hardly, barely不是比 較級,不能與than連用,而只能與when或before連用: • He had no sooner arrived than he asked for food. 他才剛到,就要食物。 • We’d hardly arrived before we had to go back. 我們才剛到,就得回去。

  30. hardly…but Q:Hardly a week passes but I get another good idea. 請問上面的譯文是否符合原意? A:這裡的but是but that的省略形式,作without V-ing (如果….不)解。never (hardly)…but=“如果不……就 不會”,”就…”,”若……就一定” • It never rains but it pours(=It never rains without pouring.) 不下雨則已,一下雨就是傾盆大雨。 • 因此,原文應譯為:我幾乎每周都能想出個新點子

  31. hardly more than Q:Duncairn, a castle built in the twelfth century on the western coast of Scotland, is ___ a few feet high. A. hardly more than B. almost more than C. just as much as D. nearly more than 答案為A,但我不懂hardly more than是什麼意思? A:Hardly more than如同no more than, little more than, never more than一樣,用來表達”言其少”的口氣。一般可譯 為”僅僅”、”才”、”只有”等。 • Each of these may be no more than a small fraction of an inch in size. 每一個電路的大小可能只有一英寸的十分之幾。 • 原文應譯為:一座在12世紀蘇格蘭的西海岸上建造的城堡,可能只有幾英尺高。

  32. hardly…when/before Q:He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. 幾乎還沒有安頓下來就把房子賣了…… hardly在這裡是”幾乎沒”的意思嗎? A:hardly…when [before]可譯為”剛/一…就”。 • He had hardly arrived when it began to snow. 他才剛到,就開始下雪了。 • 原文應譯為:他才剛剛住下來,就把那幢房子賣了。

  33. hardly…when/than Q:Hardly had he received the telegram than he started off at once. 他才剛一就到電報便立即動身走了。 請問這裡使用hardly…than是正確的嗎? A:用CGEL的話來回答: 在傳統上,人們反對將when與no sooner連 用,也反對將than同barely, hardly, scarcely這三個否定副詞連用。

  34. hate to do/doing1 Q:(A) I hate getting up early. (B) I hate to get up early. 上面二個句子意思是否相同? A:當hate等動詞後接動詞不定詞時,動詞不定詞表達的是 一次性的未來動作。例如: • To tell you the truth, I hate to do it. 說實話,我不願意做這件事。(to do it僅僅表示一種潛在的可能性) 當hate等動詞後接動名詞時,往往表示正在進行的動作 或經常性的動作。例如: • I hate disturbing you.(= I’m disturbing you and I’m sorry.) 我是很不願意打擾你的。(正在打擾或經常打擾)

  35. hate to do/doing2 Q:有的文法著作說:hate後面接動詞不定詞指一 次的事,接動名詞是指經常的事。實際情況到 底如何? A:上面說的只是一種傾向,切記不可絕對化。 V-ing形式常表示正在進行的動作,這樣一來, hate + V-ing就有可能表示一次性動作。例 如: • I hate disturbing you.(= I’m disturbing you and I’m sorry.亦可表示經常的事) 我是很不願意打擾你的。(正在打擾或經常打擾)

  36. have Q:(1) They made him repeat the message. 他們讓他重述了這個口信。 (2) They had him repeat the message. 他們讓他重述了這個口信。 句(1)可以改寫成被動句: He was made to repeat the message.句(2)是否 也能改寫呢? A:有若干動詞可用在受詞+不帶to不定詞這一結構中,如 have, let, make, hear, watch, observe等。其中 have, let不能用於被動式: x I was had (to) repeat the message.

  37. have been to/in Q:(a) He has been to England before. (b) He has been in England before.說話者不在英國時,用(a)、 (b)都行,但說話者在英國時一般用(b)是這樣嗎? A:並非如此。實際上,當說話者在英國時也可以用(a)。例 如英國語言學家Michael Swan說: “Note that you can say to somebody who is in England Have you been to England before?” “請注意:你可以對一個現在正在英國的人說:Have you been to England before?”

  38. have done Q:In the past, when I’vevisited London, I’veseen them.請問這裡為何使用現在完成式? A:二個子句中都使用現在完成式,表示過去經常發生的 事,即重複性事件。例如: • Every time I have seen him, he’sbeen reading. 我每次看到他,他都在讀書 • My usual practice is that as soon as I’vetaken a shower, I’veeaten breakfast. 我通常的做法是:我一淋完浴,就吃早飯。(不用一般現在式而用現在完成式,意味著句子所描述的情況可能不適用於未來)

  39. don’t have to be Q:It doesn’t have to be hot in Florida now. 我不理解doesn’t have to的含義。 A:上面的句子是下面句子的否定句:It must be hot in Florida now.因此don’t have to是must或have to的否定式,意思 是:”未必”、”不一定”(not necessary)。你所 提句的句子的意思是: 現在佛羅里達的天氣不一定很熱。

  40. have done with Q:(1)I have done with painting. (2)Havedone with all this nonsense. (3)You are too dishonest. I’vedone with you. 請問have done with 是什麼意思? A:have done with可以作”作完”、”不再做”解,也可以 做”停止”、”停止來往”解。句(1)可譯為:”我不再畫畫 了。”句(2)可譯為”不要再說這些廢話了”句(3)可譯為” 你太不老實。我和你斷絕關係。” • Will he never have done with his persistent speech making? 難道他還不結束他那沒完沒了的長篇大論嗎?

  41. have got/have Q:I have got a headache.請問have got是現在完成式 嗎? A:have got形式上是現在完成式,但在內容上卻是現在式。只 用於表示靜態的場合。 • He hasn’t got enough money.他沒有足夠的錢 • Have you got any sisters?你有姐妹嗎? have got大都表示現在的情況,而have卻可以表示反覆的或習慣性的情況。 • Have you got a cold now?你現在感冒了嗎? • I often have colds.我時常感冒 have即可表動態,又可表靜態,而have got則只表靜態。 • Does she have coffee with her breakfast? 她早餐喝咖啡嗎?

  42. have got/have had Q:My piano is magnificent ___ since I was fifteen. A. I got it. B. I’ve got it C. I have it D. I’ve had it 答案為D。但為何不能選B? A:當since時間副詞子句的動詞用一般過去式時,主要子句 確實應當用現在完成式,但這個動詞必須是持續動詞, 例如,be, have, live等,而不能是瞬間動詞,如get, receive, leave等。因為主要子句所表示的是從since子 句所指的時間為起點一直持續到現在的情景。應注意, have got在意義上是現在式,相當於have。因此,不 能與since子句連用。

  43. have got to Q:There has got to be some mistake.這裡的has got to是什麼意思? A:have got to同have to, must一樣,也可用來表示推論或邏輯上的必然性。上面句子的意思是:這裡一定有什麼錯誤。 • Someone has got to be telling lies. 一定有人在說謊

  44. have it coming Q:(A) He had it coming. (B) He had that defeat coming to him. 上面二句中的had是否仍表示主詞有意地讓別人去做某 事或讓某事發生? A:have sb.(sth) doing常含有二種含義:1.表示主詞有意地讓 別人去做某事或者讓某事發生。2.表示主詞無意地引起某人做 某事或者無意地引起某事發生。 • Brown tried to have her talking. But no use. 布朗試圖讓她談談,但白費力氣。 • I felt sorry about Jack’s failing that course, but he had it coming to him. 傑克的那門課沒有考及格,我很難過,但那是他自找的。

  45. have not/do not have Q:《現代高級英漢雙解辭典》上說:have的”否定和疑問 形式變化,在英國不需要用助動詞do,但在美國的用法 則不盡然。”這種說法對嗎? A:這種說法不精確。在英式英語裡,have構成否定句和疑 問句時,並不是在任何場合下都不需要助動詞do的。實 際上只有當have用作靜態動詞(如表擁有、占有、家庭 關係、疾病等),它的疑問和否定形式才不需要do,例 如: • I haven’t any money.(擁有)我一點錢也沒有 • How many brothers have you?(關係)你有幾個兄弟

  46. 在英式美語中,即使have表靜態意義時,也常 借助助動詞來構成疑問和否定形式的。 1a. I don’t have any money. 2a. How many brothers do you have? 當have表示動作(如”吃”、”喝”、”取得”、”經 歷”、”產生”等)時,亦即用作動態動詞時,它總 是需要do來構成疑問和否定形式,無論在美式或英式 英語裡皆是如此。 • Did you have a good holiday in Japan? 你在日本假期過得好嗎?

  47. have (got) to/must1 (表示必須) Q:have (got) to與must都表示”必須”的意思,他們之 間有無區別? A:must著重表示”說話者或聽者自身的義務”,帶有較重 的個人色彩(個人的責任感、自覺性)。有時則含有說話 者行使權感的意思。 • I must do what you tell me. 我一定照你說的辦。 have (got) to則著重表示”由客觀條件所引出的義 務”,缺少個人主觀色彩,因此,語氣比must更強。 • I have (got) to go now. 我該走了。(可能另有約會等等)

  48. have (got) to/must2 (表示推論) Q:You must be joking! You have (got) to be joking! must與have (got) to 都可以表示推論(邏輯上的必然 性)。請問他們在這個意義上是否還有區別? A:have (got) to與must都可以用來表示推論(“必 定”、”一定”、”還是”)。但是,have (got) to強 調從客觀上推論,因此”邏輯上的必然性”的意義比 must更強。請比較: • He must be hungry. 他一定餓了。 • There has (got) to be a first time for everything. 任何事情都必然有個開頭。

  49. have sb. do/doing Q:(A) Don’t forget to have him come. (B) He tried to have her talking. 請問句(A)中的have sb. do與句(B)中的have sb. doing有無區別? A:have sb. Do與have sb. Doing這二種格式的意義是相同的,只有細微差別。受詞補語使用現在分詞(doing)時,它所指的動作具有進行含義: • She had us working day after day. 她讓我們天天工作。 • I’m sorry to have had you waiting so long. 讓你等這麼久,真對不起。

  50. 受詞補詞使用不定詞所,所表示的動作則可以指現在,也可以指未來或指可能發生的動作:受詞補詞使用不定詞所,所表示的動作則可以指現在,也可以指未來或指可能發生的動作: • They had me repeat the message. 他們讓我把這個口信重複一遍。 • I will not have you blame it one me! 我不會讓你把這事歸罪於我! have sb. Doing也可用來表示have的主詞有意地讓別人去做某事(1),也可以用來表示have的主詞無意地引起某人可能去做某事或者表示”遭遇”(2) • I had them all laughing throughout the meal. 我令他們大家在席間歡笑不止。 • He had defeat coming to him. 失敗是他自找的。

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