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CREATING & MANAGING Marine Protected Areas

CREATING & MANAGING Marine Protected Areas. Atty. Rose-Liza Eisma Osorio Executive Director Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation www.coast.ph 302 PDI Condominium, Arch. Reyes Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines 6000. WHY CREATE MPAs?.

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CREATING & MANAGING Marine Protected Areas

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  1. CREATING & MANAGING Marine Protected Areas Atty. Rose-Liza Eisma Osorio Executive Director Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation www.coast.ph 302 PDI Condominium, Arch. Reyes Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

  2. WHY CREATE MPAs?

  3. The Philippines has over 33,900 kilometers of coastline, a vast coast that is, according to some accounts, the fifth most extensive in the world. By coast, we are talking about wherever the sea meets the land, whether it be rocky shores, sandy beaches, mangrove marshes or intertidal flats

  4. THE PHILIPPINE COASTS • Approx. 70% of LGUs and 12 of the largest cities in the Philippines are located in the coastal zone • 100% of the total population lives within 100 kilometers of a coast. • Approximately 1 million fishers in the country, of whom about 70% are artisanal fisheries.

  5. A typical coastal zone has three major ecosystems along its shallow coastlines Coral Reef Mangrove forest Seagrass bed

  6. One hectare of mangrove trees produces up to 3.6 tons of litterfall annually • One hectare of healthy mangrove ecosystem produces about 1.08 tons of fish per year (Schatz 1991)

  7. Beneficial Roles of Mangrove Forests in the Tropical Coastal Ecosystem

  8. Food Chain in the Philippines Seagrass Ecosystem

  9. Rich Reef • Philippine coral reefs host: • more than 2,000 species of fish • 5,000 species of clams, snails and other molluscs • 488 species of corals • 981 species of bottom-living algae • thousands of other marine organisms

  10. The center of the center… • The Philippine islands are at the center of the center of marine shorefish diversity • The richest concentration of marine life on the entire planet

  11. Philippine Megadiversity “Scientists have known that the area in Southeast Asia – Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – holds the richest marine biodiversity. I was amazed to discover that the extreme center of this biodiversity is in the Philippines, rather than closer to the equator.” (Carpenter in ODU News)

  12. Exchange of mutual benefits among coastal ecosystems

  13. State of the coral reefs • Philippine coral reef surface approx. 27,000-33,000 sq. km. • Reefs in excellent condition: • 1991 = 5.1% • 2000 = 4.3% • 2004 = 0.24% • Rate of coral destruction = 120 ha/day or 36,000 ha/yr from blast fishing and muro-ami

  14. Various human uses and impacts on the coastal zone

  15. What is being done? Policy Directives under the Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550), 1998 • Allocate 15% of municipal waters for Fish Sanctuaries • Allocate 25-40% of municipal fishing grounds for Fish Sanctuaries or Mangrove Reserves

  16. MPAs in the Philippines • Over 1000 legally established MPAs (Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines, 2008) • Only <20% are fully enforced • Due to poor governance, lack of management guidance & evaluation, general lack of understanding & awareness

  17. Is it a Marine Protected Area, Park, Reserve, or Sanctuary?

  18. “What’s in a name?” • There are different classifications for MPAs with some used inconsistently and interchangeably, such as parks, reserves, refuges, and sanctuaries. • MPAs can be established thru the national (NIPAS Act) or local government (ordinance).

  19. Examples of national and local categories for protected areas

  20. Standard MPA Terms & Definitions* *Miclat and Ingles 2004

  21. How protected are Philippine protected reefs?

  22. A common Philippine MPA model Photo: R. Raymundo, Layout: J.L.P. Maypa

  23. Benefits of MPA • Increases spawning stocks and spawning per unit stock • “Spillover” – Enhances • catch in adjacent fishing grounds • 3. Improves habitat, carrying capacity and productivity • 4. Maintains genetic diversity • 5. Enhances biodiversity and species protection • 6. Reduces conflict among fishery sectors and between fisheries and other uses • 7. An opportunity for alternative livelihood and income

  24. Density of large predatory reef fish in Apo Apo Reserve Apo Non-reserve Source: Russ and Alcala 2003

  25. HOW TO CREATE MPAs?

  26. MPA PLANNING & ESTABLISHING PROCESS “There are no bad MPAs, only MPAs that have been set up the wrong way.” (Salm and Clark 2000)

  27. PHASE 1. Issue Identification and prioritization; baseline assessment • Recognition of the need for an MPA should come from the community itself. • External actors (e.g., NGO, academe) acts as a catalyst in response to concerns about fisheries or other issues.

  28. PHASE 1 • Integration with the community and assessment of issues. 1. Stakeholder identification and analysis. 2. Community organization and analysis. 3. Conduct of baseline studies. 4. Information, education, and communication

  29. PHASE 2. Plan preparation and adoption • Defining goals and objectives: Formation of the core group and development of the management plan

  30. PHASE 2 • Stages and Activities: • Formation of the core group • Definition of goals and objectives • Preparation of management strategy and action plan • Determination of reserve boundaries and zones

  31. PHASE 3. Action plan and project implementation • Formalization of the reserve, implementing management strategies, enforcement and community strengthening

  32. PHASE 3 • Stages and activities • Formalization of the reserve thru local ordinance • Implementation of strategies for managing the reserve • Enforcement • Permits and user fees • Strengthening of community involvement

  33. Managing the MPA • Limits on fishing methods • Allow methods of harvest that are not damaging to habitats under local circumstances (eg, hook & line, throw nets and gill nets with large mesh size, fish traps in non-coral areas, reef gleaning)

  34. Managing the MPA • Limits on fishing methods • Prohibit fishing methods considering the potential damage caused by the gear (eg, use of scuba or hookah diving for underwater gathering and spearfishing, any active gear, beach seine drag or throw nets, excessive reef gleaning, any illegal fishing method using poison, explosives, bottom trawls, and others)

  35. Managing the MPA • Permanent mooring buoys • Designate boat trails or travelways in heavily visited areas • Establish regular embarkation points to control access to sanctuaries

  36. Enforcement of MPAs • Enforce fishery laws and regulations. • Organize, deputize and strengthen capacity of law enforcers called Bantay Dagat (“sea watch”)

  37. Permits and User Fees

  38. PHASE 4. Monitoring and evaluation • Desired Output: Refinement of management plan

  39. WHY MONITOR MPAs? An orientation on the MPA Rating System

  40. Managers need to know the status of what is being protected.

  41. Poor condition Coral cover : 0 - 25% Excellent condition Coral cover : 75 - 100%

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