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2. Social UNICEF implemented a series of national and provincial projects, all constituting a composite ‘Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Programme’, hereafter referred to as ‘RSHP’ or the ‘Programme’. Together, the water, sanitation and hygiene interventions of the two national and 07 provincial projects constitute the ‘Object of Evaluation’

3. key programming interventions The key programming interventions or components under evaluation include: i) WASH Enabling Environment; ii) Capacity Development; iii) Technological Innovation & Sanitation Marketing; iv) Behaviour Change Communication (C4D), and; v) Advocacy for Child Rights/Development. 

4. Purpose This is a ‘Summative-Formative’ evaluation with an expressed focus on both the ‘accountability’ and ‘learning’. The purpose is: ‘to generate evidence of success for RSHP (2012-16), and document learning to inform UNICEF-GOVN upcoming cooperation programme’. Its objectives include evidence creation of success; inform UNICEF management of continuity and shape of future WASH assistance; contribute to regional and global discourse and learning; and map extent of slippage and programme’s contributions in creating ‘Social Norm’ of latrine use.

5. Primary Audiences The primary audiences of this evaluation are UNICEF and key government counterparts of the WASH programmes including MOH, MARD, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs. The evaluation scope includes all rural focused projects of RSHP implemented from 2012-16 (2 national and 7 rural provincial projects).

6. Social Norms The social norms assessment includes only the assessment of practice of exclusive latrine use. The evaluation has used ‘Theory Based’ evaluation approach. A ‘Hybrid Evaluation Design’ comprising partly of ‘Descriptive’ and the ‘Social Norms Theory’ designs. The supply side interventions are evaluated using ‘Descriptive’ design. The baseline is drawn using the national surveys. The output level changes are ascertained and assessed through perceptions while corroborating it with evidences available.

7. Standard Principles The standard principles of ‘Social Norms Theory’ have guided the social norms assessment. The evaluation have used both ‘Mixed Method’ and ‘Participatory’ approaches. Qualitative and quantitative methods have also been applied for data collection. 

8. beneficiaries The RSHP is assessed to be relevant in terms of: geographic targeting (of under-developed regions and marginalised groups); needs of the intended beneficiaries; coherence national and UNICEF’s global WASH strategic priorities; institutional capacities of relevant public stakeholders and global commitments under Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The key achievements include; revision of National WASH Strategy 2000-2020 in 2016; formulation of Provincial ODF Road Maps; reinforcing political commitment for universal access to safe Water and Sanitation; initiation of SDG Baselines; review of National Water Quality Standards (NQS); and institutionalisation of CLTS

9. success around establishing success around establishing and/or strengthening the monitoring systems has been mixed. Apparently not much has changed for rural water monitoring, however the rural sanitation monitoring is taking shape as part of CLTS implementation. The monitoring system does not capture the quality of inputs (outcome assessment) such as triggering. Moreover, it lacks tracking slippage and social norms. Except for the assessment of value for money, the RSHP appears to have been implemented efficiently on other counts such as completion of projects, funds consumption, and leveraging public sector funds.

10. interventions and results The interventions and results appear largely sustainable; however, it emphasizes the need for added support to address the issues of slippage and sustainable behavioural change i.e. norm creation for exclusive latrine use. The evaluation also highlights the lessons learnt which include: added focus on knowledge documentation; replicating ‘Entrepreneur led innovation; overlaps and cost efficiencies for implementing integrated models, and finally prioritising evidence creation for advocacy.